Chapter 22

Frage	Antworten
Statistical group	An objective approach to defining a group that would consider a collection of people to be a group based on an outsider's perception that they have common characteristics.
Societal group	A subjective approach to defining a group, where people are considered to constitute a group when they perceive or categorise themselves as a group
Social group	A group where members may or may not interact with each other but which can be objectively and subjectively viewed as a group
Non-social group	A group where 2 or more people are present at the same time and place but are not interacting with eachother
In-groups	A group to which people belong or think they belong
Out-groups	A group to which people do not belong or think they do not belong
Primary group	Groups that have small memberships and are characterised by intimate direct interactions, strong levels of group identification, strong affective ties between members, multifacet relationships, and a long period of relationship
Secondary groups	Groups where there are few direct interactions, weak levels of identification with the group, weak affective ties between members, limited of functional relationships, and a shot period of existance
Reference groups	Groups to which a person does not formally belong, but with which that person identifies of which the person uses as a frame of reference
Purpose	Aim or reason
Norm	An implicit social rule regarding appropriate behaviour in a certain situation
Group norms	Expectations about the kinds of behaviours that are acceptable and are required by all group members
Prescriptive group norms	Group norms that recommend certain behaviours for group members
Proscriptive group norms	Group norms that forbid members to behave in certain ways
Role	The specific behaviour that a particular member within a small social group must exhibit
Task roles	Roles within groups that focus on the attainment of group goals
Socio-emotional roles	Focus on the quality of the relationships among group members and include performing supportive, interpersonally accommodative behaviours
Communication network	A particular pattern of communication that structures the flow of information between group members
Status	Prestige
Sociometric structure	Patterns of liking and disliking among group members. Determines whether group members fall under being popular, neglected, rejected or controversial or average members of the group
Cohesiveness	The strength of the relationships linking the group members to one another, and to the group itself. People in these groups are proud to identify themselves as group members, and will defend the group from outward criticism.
Group polarisation	The tendency for pre-existing individual opinions, ideas or positions to become more extreme or polarised following a group discussion
Groupthink	A group-process phenomenon that may lead to faulty decision-making by group members who are more concerned with reaching consensus than with carefully considering alternative courses of action
Social facilitation	A positive influence on a group performance, which occurs when there is improved individual task performance when working with others or in the presence of an audience
Social loafing	A performance-inhibiting effect where individuals relax their efforts based no the assumption that others will compensate for their lack of action
Social influence	the change in e person's judgement, opinions and attitudes that occur because of exposure to the judgements, opinions and attitudes of other people
Conformity (majority influence)	a kind of social influence that involves modifying individual behaviour in response to real or imagined pressure from others
Informational social influence	type of social influence that results from a person's response to information provided by others
Normative social influence	social influence that results from a person's response to pressure to conform to a norm
Minority influence	social influence whereby minorities are able to influence the majority position in a group
Obedience	a social influence process in which individual behaviour is modified in response to a command from an authority figure
Intergroup behaviour	actions of members of one group towards members of another group, motivated by their group membership rather than their personal views
Individual-level explanation	an explanation of intergroup relations that refer to internal dispositions or processes
Frustration-aggression theory	an individual-level explanation of intergroup relationships that maintains that intergroup phenomena are based on displaced aggression arising from frustration that emerges when group goals are not attained
Situational-level explanation	an explantation of intergroup-level behaviour that perceives behaviour to be a result of interaction with other individuals or particular situational contexts
Social exchange theory	an interpersonal-level of intergroup relations that suggest that people interact with others and evaluate relationships in terms of the rewards they offer and the cost they entail
Equity theory	a situational-level of intergroup relations that maintains that people assess relationships in terms of rewards and costs, but which includes a focus on the perceived equity of the contributions in relationships
Positional level explanation	an explanation of intergroup relations that views intergroup behaviour as being a function of individual's acting in terms of their group membership
Realistic conflict theory	a positional-level explanation of intergroup relations that asserts that group conflict results from incompatible goals and interests or competition between groups over scarce resources
Social harmony	a positional-lever of intergroup relations that is seen to result from co-operative activities and the achievement of goals that both groups desire but neither can achieve in the absence of assistance from the other group
Relative-deprivation theory	a positional-level of intergroup relations that suggests that a sense of relative deprivation emerges when members of a disadvantaged group recognise that they are undervalued and have fewer social rewards that a preferred group
Recourse mobilisation theory	a positional-level explanation of intergroup relations that suggests that intergroup conflicts arise when those with recourses mobilise and take collective action
Social identity theory (SIT)	a positional-lever explanation of intergroup relations that suggests that people internalise and integrate group membership as part of the social component of their self concepts
Social identity	an individual's knowledge of belonging to certain social groups and the evaluating of this membership or part of and individual's self concept that derives from knowing they belong to a social group
Social identity formation	the process whereby the individual becomes part of the group and the group becomes part of the individual's self concept
Ideological-level explanation	an explanation of intergroup relations that refer to widespread complex belief systems that determine group behaviour
Socio-economic roles	roles within groups that focus on the quality of the relationships among group members and include performing supportive interpersonally accommodative behaviours

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	Erstellt von Zeneatha Jònsson vor etwa 10 Jahre