ornithology test 2

Beschreibung

Environmental Studies Karteikarten am ornithology test 2, erstellt von Abby Bickle am 18/10/2018.
Abby Bickle
Karteikarten von Abby Bickle, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Abby Bickle
Erstellt von Abby Bickle vor etwa 6 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage Antworten
Calamus Hollow tip of feather (quill
rachis main structure down middle of feather
vane area of rachis with barbs
barbs "fuzzy" part of feather
barbules tiny strands extending from barbs
hooklets tiny hooks extending from barbules that hold barbules/barbs together like velcro
Flight feather full feather with barbules, barbs, and hookles, asymmetrical to reduce drag; AKA remiges
semiplume partially have hooklets and seal, partially do not; most middle contour feathers; aerodynamics, courtship
downy feather feather with no hooklets/rachis; warmth
bristle feather rachis with no barbs; sensory
filoplume long bare rachis with tuft of downy barbs at end; sensory
Tail feather Full feather that is not asymmetrical; AKA retricies
feather development steps 1. placode + condensation 2. placode elongation (dermal papilla) 3. follicle development (follicular cavity) 4. Feather germ (epidermal collar + keratinocytes; dermal pulp 5. Feather primordium (sheath, rachis + barb ridges, pulp)
feather evolution 1. undifferentiated barb 2. barb ridges (downy tuft of unbranched barbs) 3. planar feather (two sided, unbranched barbs) 4. differentiation of barbules and hooklets 5. asymmetrical flight feathers
Biochrome Pigments Melanin, Carotenoids, Porphyrins
Melanin Black/grey (eumelanin), reddish (phaeomelanins); form droplets in melanocyte cells, extending into dendrites; UV resistant, antibacterial, resistant to wear, thermoregulative
Carotenoids Red, yellow, orange, purple, blue; accumulate as lipid droplets; accumulate from diet (e.g. crustaceans) - better diet = brighter (Attracts mates)
Porphyrins Contain iron; buffy brown/red/rust; similar structure to hemoglobin
Structural Color Iridescence - barbules stained with melanin granules, surrounded by light refracting bubbles -> color change;
Lake Natron, Tanzania Pink algae lake, home to flamingos
Feather tracks Pterylae (feathered region) vs. apteria (no feathers); major tracts - capital (head); ventral (belly + sides); spinal (back); humeral (coverts); caudal (tail)
Feather care preening (cleaning + rezipping varbules) uropygial gland -> lipids/oils to coat feathers
Cryptic color pattern camoflauged, e.g. nightjar
disruptive color pattern lines, bars, confusing patterns (confuse predators) e.g. killdeer
Countershading color pattern dark dorsal vs light ventral to camouflage in air/water (e.g. penguins, hawks)
Bold color pattern Bright colors + patterns Territorial, mating displays
Molting Seasonal change in feather coat; follows age of feather (especially flight feathers)
molting pattern Primaries = middle -> tip (i.e.| ---> Secondaries = outside -> middle (i.e. |-> <-|); use to tell age
psilopaedic altricial birds = helpless, no feathers when hatched
ptilopaedic hatch with full down, eyes open
Plumage types Juvenile (First after down) Basic (1st) - winter plumage Alternate (1st) breeding plumage Definitive Basic/alternate (2yr+)
Overcoming Gravity + Drag Hollow bones, no teeth, little fat, no bony tail asymmetrical feather, contouring, wing shape (aerodynamic)
producing lift + thrust Wing shape (air foil like airplane), flapping patterns Wing position (tilted slightly up = more lift)
alula "finger" on tip of wing, used to manipulate airflow + produce drag when landing
wing tip vortices wing tips create spiral (upwash and downwash) when cutting through air -> v-fligth pattern reduces work for those in middle
Muscle fiber metabolism Red fibers (slow twitch) - sustained flight, thin fibers, aerobic respiration, "marathon" White fibers (fast twitch) - quick burst, thick fibers, anaerobic, "sprints"
Unidirectional ventilation pattern Unique to birds, provide constant oxygen + no mixing; In1: trachea -> posterior air sac; Ex1: PAS -> "lungs"; In2: L -> anterior air sac; Ex2: AAS -> trachea and out
Flight Muscles Pectoralis = downstroke supracoracoideus = upstroke (pully system)
Parabronchi Bird "lungs" - many parallel tubes with countercurrent bloodflow = maximum efficiency
Songbird/raptor vision 2-3X better than human; wide angle; little eye movement; monocular vision + head "bobbing"
sclerotic ring bone inside white of eye; function in protection/support/attachment of ciliary muscles for focus
retinal oil droplets lipid droplets in retina that help focus+target light (unique)
fovea birds have both central and temporal fovea -> better peripheral vision
Pecten Vascularization area, allows for fewer blood vessels -> clearer vision unique to birds
magnetic field detection used to navigate; magnetite crystals in olfactory bulb + rhodopsin (iron containing photopigment)
bird external ear lack pinae; auricular feathers protect opening; ear funnel -> tympanic membrane
bird middle ear Only one ossicle = columella (stapes); eustachian tubes (derived from gill arches)
bird inner ear cochlea = straight organ of corti within -> hair cells + auditory nuclei equilibrium -> semicircular canals (xyz)
bird hearing narrow frequency range (high); owl = asymmetrical ears -> pinpoint sounds
Bird taste poor
nasal conchae bone tubes that warm + moisturize air; more smell exposure
Bird brain size 6-11x that of reptiles (relative to body); largest in corvids, parrots, woodpeckers, songbirds
(hyper)pallium bird cerebrum (outer layer) -> intelligence + memory; smooth; neocortex
brain lateralization Left -> learning songs Right -> processing stimuli
hippocampus spacial memory
sound producing muscles external intercostals (pull air in); apendicostalis (spur on rib)
Motor control of vocal High Vocal Center (nidopallium/neostratum) -> Robust nucleus (archistriatum/archopallium) -> Tracheosyringeal motor nucleus (NXIIts) -> brain stem -> syringeal muslces
Areas of pallium Hyperpallium (outside) -> mesopallium -> nidopallium -> archopallium -> area x (MALE ONLY)
Song Learning Pathway Left hemisphere Anterior forebrain (Magnocellular nucleus of anterior neostriatum (MAN) + Area X ) -> High Vocal Center; Recursive loop
Song Learning pattern Critical period (after hatch, <1 yr, hearing song) -> Silent period (immature male; learning in memory) -> Subsong period (winter before first breeding; practice) -> Full adult song
Repertoire Amount of various songs a bird can know serve different purposes, shows off intelligence, prevents exhaustion
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