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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are enzymes? | Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions |
| What does digestion do? | It breaks down food into smaller chemicals that can be absorbed by the blood stream |
| Quaternary shape? | The optional combination od tertiary proteins |
| Digestion ? | Is the process of breaking down food into smaller chemicals that can be absorbed by the blood stream |
| Secondary shape? | The 2D formation of sheets and helixes |
| When enzymes are active what does there name end in? | -ase |
| A protein that has temporarily changed shape is? | Denatured |
| When enzymes are inactive what do there names end with? | -inogen |
| What does the GI use to break down food? | A variety of chemicals including enzymes |
| Tertiary shape? | 3D folded protein |
| How many categories of shapes are there? | 4 |
| What are all protein functions based on? | Shape |
| Where does digestion occur? | In the gastrointestinal tract (GI) which is also one of the largest systems in our bodies |
| Egestion ? | 6th step in digestion Excretion of food waste |
| Absorption? | 5th step in digestion Transport of digested nutrients into the bloodstream |
| Primary shape? | Unique order of amino acids in the protein |
| If temperature and Ph change, what else can change? | The shape can also change, which could make it non functional |
| What does the enzymes first part often refer too? | The reaction it speeds up |
| Competitive Inhibition? | When a non-substrate chemical binds with an enzymes active site, to stop it. |
| Chemical Digestion? | 4th step in digestion Larger macromolecules are broken down into smaller compounds by proteins called enzymes |
| A protein that has permanently changed shape is? | Coagulated |
| Competitive inhibition can be used by the body to ? | Control enzymes |
| Allosteric Inhibition? | A chemical that changes the shape of an enzyme by binding to a location other than the active site Also called regulation or non- competitive inhibition |
| Feedback Inhibition? | The final product of an enzyme that inhibits the enzymes function often used in reactions with multiple enzymes |
| How long is the digestion system ? | 6.5 - 9 m long tube |
| Competive Inhibition is also the source of many? | Toxins EX) Cyanide binds to enzymes in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria shutting it down |
| Propulsion ? | 2nd Step in digestion The muscular action to propel food products forward |
| How many parts to the digestion system ? | 6 |
| Physical Digestion? | 3rd step in digestion Food is broken down by physical action ( crushing / mixing ) of teeth and muscle |
| What happens in the 6.5 - 9 m long tube from beginning to end? | Food is taken in, broken down, absorbed and waste are excreted |
| Ingestion? | First step in digestion The process of food and nutrients being taken in |
| The mouth is where what begins? | The mouth is where physical digestion begins through crushing and slicing with the teeth and tongue Swallowing can also break down some food |
| Carbohydrate digestion begins with? | The enzyme amylase in the saliva? |
| Food that has been digested in the mouth is known as ? | Bolus |
| What do muscle contractions in the esophagus do? | They move the bolus towards the stomach |
| What do muscle contractions continue? | They continue physical digestion |
| What does the enzyme pepsin do? | It works with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to start breaking down proteins |
| Alcohol and caffeine are absorbed where? | In the blood |
| Food that has been digested by the stomach is known as? | Chyme |
| In the small intestine chemicals from where are added? | From the liver, pancreas and gallbladder |
| What is digested in the small intestine? | Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins |
| Where are nutrients absorbed to after/during the small intestine digestion? | To the blood and lymphatic systems |
| What does the large intestine absorb? | Water, minerals and vitamins |
| Where does the formation of fecal matter happen | In large intestine |
| What are the 5 parts of the mouth? | Lips and cheeks Tongue with taste buds Teeth Hard bone and soft palate ( roof of mouth ) Pharynx ( chamber behind tongue ) |
| How many processes occur in the mouth? | 4 |
| Prohension? | The process of moving food into the mouth |
| Mastication? | The process of physically grinding the food |
| What type of digestion, digests polysaccharides? | chemical digestion |
| Swallowing | The process of moving food to the esophagus |
| 1st process that occurs in the mouth? | Prehension |
| 2nd process that occurs in the mouth? | Mastication |
| 3rd process that occurs in the mouth? | Chemical digestion of polysaccharides |
| 4th process that occurs in the mouth ? | Swallowing |
| What increases foods surface area ? | physical digestion by teeth and tongue |
| Why is saliva and mucus added to food? | To soften it |
| What type of enzyme does saliva have? | Amylase |
| What does Amylase begin? | The carbohydrate digestion by breaking down polysaccharides into disaccharides |
| How many glands are there that produce the contents of saliva ? | 3 |
| What are the 3 glands that produce the contents of saliva ? | Parotid Submandibular Sublingular |
| Parotid? | Produces a watery substance rich in Amylase |
| Submandibular ? | Produces a thicker liquid |
| Sublingular ? | Produces mucus |
| What does saliva do? | It binds the bolus together as it travels, digests starch and keeps the mouth relatively clean |
| During the swallowing process bolus is presses back into the _______? | pharynx by the tongue It starts as a voluntary process and then becomes involuntary |
| The swallowing process starts as a voluntary process and then becomes | involuntary |
| What is the epiglottis? | The epiglottis is a flap of flesh that swings down to cover the larynx ad trachea so food doesn't reach the lungs It also opens the esophagus as the tongue propels bolus into the esophagus |
| What is the basic role of the esophagus? | To move the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach |
| The bolus is propelled by the contractions of _____ ________ ? What is this movement called? | Smooth muscles Peristalsis |
| Where does the esophagus pass through? | It passes through the diaphragm barrier that separates the lungs from the digestive organs |
| What is the purpose of the stomach? | To receive and mix food with gastric juices Limited absorption of alcohol, caffeine and aspirin To move food when it is appropriate to the small intestine |
| With what is entrance to and exit from the stomach controlled by? | Sphincters |
| Sphincters ? | Round smooth muscle bands |
| What do smooth muscles in the stomach do ? | Mix and crush food |
| Physical mixing and crushing moves foo towards the _______ ______ at the stomach's bottom | Pyloric sphincter |
| Chemical digestion in the stomach utilises the production of a series of 3 different gastric fluids , what are those 3 fluids? | Pepsin Mucus Hydrochloric acid |
| during a large meal, approximately how much gastric fluid will be produced? | 500mL |
| What do mucus surface cells produce? | They produce a mucous membrane that has high bicarbonate ions |
| What are bicarbonate ions? | They are buffers that react with stomach acid to neutralise it and act as a protective layer |
| What does mucus act as? | A lubricant to prevent food from sticking to stomach walls |
| What do parietal cells produce? | They produce hydrochloric acid with a ph 1-3 |
| What does hydrochloric acid activate? | It activates the enzyme pepsin and coagulates proteins and helps kill invasive bacteria |
| Chief cells produce? | The inactive enzyme pepsinogen |
| If pepsinogen comes in contact with a low PH it _______ ____ _____? | Activates into pepsin |
| Pepsin? | Pepsin is a protease; an enzyme that digests proteins |
| Chief cells and enteroendocrine cells release? | The hormone gastrin |
| What does gastrin do? | It stimulates other gastric cells to release their own chemicals |
| Vomiting? | The forced expulsion of the stomach and esophagus contents |
| Vomiting is experienced in 3 steps, what are those steps? | 1. Nausea 2. Retching or dry heaving 3. vomiting: includes a deep breath |
| Vomiting is forced by? | the diaphragm contraction and the abdominal muscle wall contractions |
| What are the 2 types of vomiting? | Projectile and regurgitation |
| Projectile vomiting? | Vomits are sudden and violent |
| Regurgitation vomit? | Passive and gentle |
| Ulcers? | Injuries in te stomach lining and mucus lining |
| With ulcers hydrochloric acid is able to ? | damage stomachs regular cells |
| What are ulcers commonly caused by? | Stress and alcohol |
| Heartburn? | caused by a weak sphincter as the esophagus allows stomach acid to pass thorough |
| Hiatial Hernia? | Stomach sticks through the opening for esophagus in the diaphragm |
| What is the fist part of the small intestine? | The duodenum |
| How long is the fist part of the small intestine ? | the duodenum is about 30cm in length |
| Why is the small intestine important? | Because it receives material and secretions |
| From where does the small intestine receive material and secretions ? | From the gall bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach and specialised cells along the lumen surface of the intestine |
| What are secretions? | a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion. |
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