Festivals - Classic CIvilisations GCSE

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The Panathenaia	Founded by Theseus Held in honour of Athena’s birthday Every fourth year a ‘Great Panathenaia’ was held. Unlike the Panathenaia, the Great Panathenaia lasted 8 days instead of 7 and all Greek citizens were able to compete as opposed to only Athenian citizens being able to compete.
Panathenaia: Order of events	1. Rhapsodic and musical contests 2. Boy’s and youth’s athletics 3. Men’s athletics 4. Equestrian events 5. Tribal contests 6. All-night celebration, procession and sacrifice 7. Apobates and boat race 8. Prize-giving
Rhapsodic and musical contests	Verses recited from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey by Rhapsodes (need good memory) 4 competitions for music Singers accompanied by Aulos Soloists on the aulos Singers accompanied by the kithara Soloists on the kithara
The sporting events	3/8 days of Great Panathenaia Exclusively for athenians, no women allowed to compete Prize - Panathenaic amphora= storage jars containing olive oil with a picture of Athena and the event they'd won. Showed the importance and honour paid to Athena
The stadion	Running the length of the stadium
Wrestling	Competitions try and get opponent down onto back and shoulders = ‘fall’ 3 falls to win People covered in oil No biting, kicking, punching Tripping was allowed.
Boxing	No headgear Wrap knuckles with leather strips Try to knock out
Prankration	Wrestling, boxing, kicking - everything No eye gouging, biting
Pentathlon	Discus, javelin, long jump, station, wrestling 3 didn’t take place as its own event, so they came first If someone won first 3 events, then stadion and wrestling not done
Equestrian events	4th day, 7th day - apobates 4 horse chariot race, mounted javelin, apobates Mounted javelin- hit targets while riding Apobates- dismount chariots while racing, run alongside for a bit, then mount again Prize went to owner of horse
Tribal contests	10 tribes of Athens Series of strength trials Boat race in Piraeus War dance competition with aulos
Panathenaic Procession, all night dance and sacrifice	Evening before procession, all night celebration on Acropolis Torch race 2 miles From Dipylon gate to altar on acropolis Run with lit torch Winner’s torch used to light sacrificial flame used in the sacrifice to Athena next day
Peplos (dress for Athena)	6th day Greek dress stitched using saffron and purple cloth Scenes from the gigantomachy Two made Small one presented to Athena wooden statue Big one used as sail for a ceremonial sail that was pushed towards the Acropolis and then taken up to the Acropolis
The Panathenaic procession a and the Parthenon	Depicted on ionic frieze of the Parthenon Follows the northern and southern route
Panathenaia: The sacrifice	Once procession finished, sacrifice began at altar of Athena Polias Only Athenians allowed on Acropolis - real sense of belonging Up to 100 oxen and other animals sacrificed to Athena After the gods share of meat, the priest and prominent members would feats and then the rest of the community
The City Dionysia	Took place over 5 days during mid-March Started at the gates of Athens, but majority in the sanctuary of DIonysus
City Dionysia: Origins of festival	City founded in 6th century BC Date coincided with the alliance of Eleutherae and Athens - Eleutherae hated the Thebans and they desired Athenian citizenship When the wooden statue of Dionysus from Eleutherae came, the Athenians rejected it Genitals disease arose The Athenians accepted Dionysus into their city and honoured him with drama, revelry and initiated the great Dionysia
The sanctuary of Dionysus	Built on the south side of Acropolis Small, north-west of sanctuary
City Dionysia: Officials	Eponymous archon - an Athenian magistrate elected for one year Would select 3 tragic playwrights, 5 comic playwrights who would have to write the plays, 17 (total) Archon chose choregos - chorus director - the financial back of play in Athens
City Dionysia: Participants	Dithyramb competition - 100 members from each tribe, choral dance in honour of Dionysus Tragic and comic participants could be divided into two groups - professional actors and amateur chorus members Actors pursued theatre as career, amateur chorus members drawn from citizen body Night before festival = torchlight procession Same happened in 6th century BC when wooden statue carried into the city
City Dionysia: Order of events	1. Pompe, dithyrambs contests, looms 2. Opening ceremony, 5 comedies 3. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play 4. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play 5. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play; Judging and prize giving
City Dionysia: Pompe, dithyramb contests Komodo	1st day morning - Pompe/grand procession Wooden statue Dionysus in a boat on wheels from city to the sanctuary Drinking, dancing, sacrifices Then dithyramb - choral song and dance for Dionysus Komos - evening first day Only men Leather phalluses brought and given to Dionysus Singing, dancing, drinking
Opening ceremony and comedies	Start of 2nd day Priest of Dionysus sacrificed pig 10 generals of Athens poured a libation to the twelve gods Theatrical contests cost 2 obols Theories fund set up to help poor to attend 5 comedies shown - 1 = 1 and half hour
Comedy	Themes: war, politics, social life Reversed roles and showed feelings, relief
The tragedies and prize giving	Tragedies performed as trilogy + satyr play Day each devoted to 3 playwrights Emphasis on tragedy over comedy at Dionysia
Tragedy	Human suffering and questioning human nature Audience thought reflected in their own lives Main character usually had a hamartia (fatal flaw that led to their downfall) Catharsis for audience (release of emotions)
Satyr plays	Part of 4 plays written by 1 playwright Comic and mythological Could be in the middle of the tragedies. Lightened the mood.
Judging	5th day Eponymous archon drew 5 of the 10 lists Playwright with most votes = victor Prize = garland of ivy = symbol of Dionysus
ROMAN festivals	Lupercalia Saturnalia
The Lupercalia	Celebrated fertility and health Avert evil and purify the city.
The Lupercalia Origins	Derived from a festival of purification and purity in honour of the god Lupercus The word lupus means ‘wolf’ and so honoured Romulus Annually took place - 15th February
Lupercalia Officials	Priests - Luperci Chosen for the day from noble male population
Lupercalia: The order of events	1. Priests gathered in Lupercal - cave in Palatine Hill where Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf Consisted of altar to Lupercus 2. Luperci divided into 2 groups and did a sacrifice in honour 3. Teams then did race around the foot of the hill
Lupercalia: The sacrifice	On entering, dogs and goats were sacrificed to Lupercus Known for virility Mola salsa sprinkled, head bowed, throats slit, knife was dipped in blood, which was dripped onto foreheads of participants, then immediately wiped off with wool soaked in milk Luperci were supposed to laugh Haruspex read entrails Meat eaten and animal skinned for used for covering body and during race They ran naked during the race as the god preferred it that way
Lupercalia: The race	Public part of festival Run around foot of Palatine Hill Route took them through Roman Forum Runners would whip spectators to grant fertility
The Saturnalia	In honour of Saturn - Roman God of agriculture and liberation
Saturnalia: Origins	God of sowing and the seed - celebrated the end of the winter sowing Began at winter solstice - celebrated the coming of new light, rebirth, positive future Ruled when gods and humans lived together as equals - celebrated in hope of the return of this golden age All levels of society took part Longest = 17th-23rd December, shortened to 3 and then 5 days Linked with Christianity and Christmas
Saturnalia: Officials	(479 BC) Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum dedicated during Saturnalia The priests of the temple provided as religious officials (elected for 1 year) Public feast responsibility = Senate and state money
Saturnalia: Order of events	Sacrifice on 1st day From start of festival, business suspended, national holiday Whole city free to take part
Saturnalia: The sacrifice	Unlike Roman sacrifices, the priest uncovered his head Because of relationship of Saturn and Cronus (Greek)
Saturnalia: The public feast	State paid for feast Large expense as everyone took part Lasted several days Streets Statue of Saturn that sat at the banquet table Signify his presence
Saturnalia: Private feasting	Promoted equality Slaves and masters witched role Masters removed there togas and all would wear party dress Men wore felt cap as a sign of freedom Slaves honoured Slaves are prepared a dinner Only afterwards does the master eat Presents were given to people

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Festivals - Classic CIvilisations GCSE

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