Sociology Chapter 1

Frage	Antworten
Sociological Perspective	Understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context.
Society	People who share a culture and a territory.
Social Location	The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society.
Sociology	The scientific study of society and human behavior.
Positivism	The application of the scientific approach to the social world.
Class Conflict	Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers.
Bourgeoisie	Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production.
Proletariat	Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.
Patterns of Behavior	Recurring behaviors or events.
Basic(or pure) Sociology	Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups.
Applied Sociology	The use of sociology to solve problems-from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution.
Public Sociology	Applying sociology for the public good; especially the use of the sociological perspective(how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers.
Theory	A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another.
Symbolic Interactionism	A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another.
Functional Analysis	A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism.
Conflict Theory	A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources.
Macro-level analysis	An examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how Wall Street and the political establishment are interrelated.
Micro-level Analysis	An examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the member of a group interact.
Social Interaction	One person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance.
Nonverbal Interaction	Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on.
Hypothesis	A statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory.
Variable	A factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary(or change) from one case to another.
Operational Definition	The way in which a researcher measures a variable.
Research Method(or research design)	One of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures.
Validity	The extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure.
Reliability	The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results.
Survey	The collection of data by having people answer a series of questions.
Population	A target group to be studied.
Sample	The individuals intended to represent the population to be studied.
Random Sample	A sample i which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study.
Stratified Random Sample	A sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research.
Respondents	People who respond to a survey, either in interview or by self-administered questionnaires.
Closled-ended Questions	Questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent.
Open-ended Questions	Questions that respondents answer in their own words.
Rapport	A feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying.
Participant Observation(or fieldwork)	Research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting.
Case Study	An intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.
Secondary Analysis	The analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers.
Documents	In its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDS, and so on.
Experiment	The use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation.
Experimental Group	The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable.
Control Group	The subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable.
Independent Variable	A factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable	A factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable.
Unobtrusive Measures	Ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied.
Globalization of Capitalism	Capitalism(investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system.

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