Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control

Frage	Antworten
Deviance	The violation of norms(or rules or expectations).
Crime	The violation of norms written into law.
Stigma	"Blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity.
Social Order	A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives.
Social Control	A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms.
Negative Sanction	An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence.
Positive Sanction	An expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in class to a material reward such as a prize.
Genetic Predisposition	Inborn tendencies(for example, a tendecy to commit deviant acts).
Street Crime	Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary.
Personality Disorders	The view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms.
Differential Association	Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups lean an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant.
Control Theory	The idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate.
Degradation Ceremony	A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place.
Labeling Theory	The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity.
Technique of neutralization	Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect(or neutralize) society's norms.
Cultural Goals	The objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve.
Institutionalized Means	Approved ways of reaching cultural goals.
Strain Theory	Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime.
Illegitimate Opportunity Structure	Opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life.
White-Collar Crimes	Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials.
Corporate Crime	Crime committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation.
Criminal Justice System	The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime.
Recidivism Rate	The percentage of released convicts who are rearrested.
Capital Punishment	The death penalty.
Serial Murder	The killing of several victims in three or more separate events.
Police Discretion	The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter.
Medicalization of Deviance	To make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians.
Medicalization	The transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians.

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Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control

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