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Karteikarten von Carly Brinded, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Briefly outline how Freud changed psychology in terms of personality | Changed the way in which psychologists viewed behaviour; very influential; before, behaviour was primarily observed and described, Freud focused on reasons behind behaviour Psychoanalysis was born as a result. |
| What is personality? | Something that encompasses all thoughts, behaviour patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. It remains fairly consistent throughout life. |
| What is the Psychodynamic Approach? | Theory - personality = dynamic process = the result of conflict between the parts forming the psych Personality changes by resolving the conflict between the forces of the psyche Personality is determined by the experiences in the first few years of life |
| What is the Conscious mind? | Present information, thoughts, feelings that are the focus of attention; responsible for logical thinking, reality, civilised behaviour |
| What is the Unconscious Mind? | Repressed feelings and memories, repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes, or desires; a mechanism of psychological repression, not easily accessible |
| What is the Precoscious Mind? | Not all information absent in conscious mind is repressed; that information is stored here, easily retrievable at a time when needed |
| What is a Freudian Slip? | Unconscious thoughts and feelings can infiltrate the consciousness; can be witnessed in symbols in dreams, which can be accessed by psychoanalysis |
| What did Freud and Breuer (1895) find studying Anna O? | Case study; suffered varied physical and mental disturbances, afraid to drink from fear of contamination. Freud found this was due to an early childhood memory of watched a woman drink from a glass that a dog had drank from |
| How was the Structural Model developed? | Freud went on to expand the Topographic model to explain the personality, forming the structural model |
| How was the Structural Dodel an improvement from the Topographic Model? | More in depth Explains what it is that drives us, drives our personalities, rather than simply stating the levels to it |
| What is the Ego? (Conscious Level) | Mediates Id and Super-ego, based on the ‘reality principle’, deals with the needs of the Id and the limitations of the Super-ego |
| What is the Reality Principle? | The mental capacity to evaluate the reality of the person so that the person can act |
| What is the Super-ego? | Idealistic, based on ‘morality principle’ and social ideals internalised from family and society, uses guilt and defence mechanisms to enforce socially acceptable behaviour |
| What is the Morality Principle? | The principles of right and wrong |
| What defense mechanisms do the Super-ego use? | Defense mechanisms include denial, repression, projection, regression |
| What is the Id? (Unconscious Level) | Based on the ‘pleasure principle’: seeks immediate gratification regardless of the consequences; driven by primal instinct, such as hunger, third, the drive for sex |
| What is the Pleasure Principle? | Instinctual driving force of the Id, that seeks immediate gratification and avoidance of pain |
| What is the Id driven by? | Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, drives aggression and violence, also used for survival) |
| What lead to the development of the Psychosexual Model? | Developed following the structural model Focuses more on development of personality through years, rather than simply what makes up our personality |
| What is the Oral Stage? | 0-18 months = born with our Id Pleasure from the mouth (feeding, sucking, biting, etc.) The person is less independent and needs attention; fixated = oral activities (smoking, drinking, nail biting etc.) |
| What is the Anal Stage? | 18-35 months = Ego develops Pleasure from bowel / bladder elimination The person looks to control everything; fixated = anal retentive (rigid and obsessive personality) or anal expulsive (messy and disorganized personality) |
| What is the Phallic Stage? | 3-6 years = Superego develops Pleasure from genital area Oedipus Complex (boys); castration anxiety occurs. Electra Complex (girls); ‘penis envy’ occurs Solution is the identify with the same sex parent |
| What is the Latency Stage? | 6 years to puberty Sexual interest / energy is repressed |
| What is the Genital Stage? | Puberty Onwards Pleasure obtained from external, opposite sex |
| What criticisms did Freud face? | Unconscious mind = not falsifiable, no way of testing the unconscious mind objectively – lack of evidence, unscientific, not based on observation Very vague definitions of ego, libido, superego etc. Based on his own case studies / self-analysis – not representative of the population, bias in his findings since he only finds evidence to support his theories |
| What did Malinowski's (1927) find in Trobriand islanders? | matriarchal society, boys disciplined by maternal uncles; dreamed of feared uncles, not fathers, thus power may be the source of Oedipal conflict in non-Western societies, rather than sexual jealousy |
| What did Fisher & Greenberg (1996) find? | supports oral / anal personality types |
| What can be concluded about Freud's work? | Highlights the importance of early childhood in shaping personality and impact of early trauma on both psychological and physical development Explains why people each react differently to similar situations (defense mechanisms) Is still relevant today; psychoanalysis is still used, and his ideas encouraged a wave of research into the realm of personality |
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