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| Frage | Antworten |
| What is hunger ? | Hunger is a complex of severe sensations occurring when an individual is deprived of food energy for a longer period of time. The body starts to use its protein tissue (muscles) as the source of energy. |
| What is starvation ? | Starvation is a severe reduction in food intake. An individual begins to starve when he/she has lost about one-third of the normal body weight (>40% usually leads to death). |
| What is under nutrition ? | Undernutrition is the underconsumption of food. A person suffering from undernutrition is short of the protein or energy needed for normal growth, health, and activity (= protein-energy malnutrition, PEM). |
| What is malnutrition ? | Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems |
| What is food security ? | Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life (FAO). |
| What is the world statistics of chronically hungry people ? | |
| Which goal of MDG are closely related to nutrition ? | Goal 4: Reduce by two-thirds the under-5 mortality rate. Goal 5: Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality rate. |
| What are the three major methods to measure food insecurity and undernutrition ? | 1. FAO method (based on aggregate country data) 2. Food consumption based methods (based on household consumption data) 3. Anthropometric methods (measures of individual body weight, height, and age, especially for children). Combined Global Hunger Index (IFPRI) |
| Which region have the highest prevalance of undernourishment ? | Africa remains the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment, with around one in four people estimated to be undernourished (FAO, 2013) |
| Why do hunger trends differ across regions? | Progress in reducing hunger reflects country and regional specificities in terms of economic conditions, infrastructure, the organization of food production, the presence of social provisions and political and institutional stability |
| What are the four dimensions of food security and what progress has been achieved in this dimensions ? | 1. Food availability: much improved, but progress is uneven across regions and over time 2.Access to food: significantly improved, in line with poverty reduction 3. Food utilization: marked improvements are evident in both determinants and outcomes 4. Stability: exposure to short-term risks may endanger long-term progress |
| What are the parameters of calculating undernourished population under FAO method ? | 1.Average dietary energy supply (DES) in a country, derived from FAO’s “food balance sheets”. 2. Coefficient of variation (CV) for calorie distribution to account for inequality in access to food. 3. Minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) in a country, accounting for demographic structure. |
| What is the significance of calculating CV ? | Since DES only provides one average for a country, FAO needs to make assumptions about how the calories are distributed within the country. A log-normal distribution that is fully characterized by the mean DES and the CV is assumed.- is simplistic assumption; how do I know the CV? use HH survey data to derive the CV. But data available for some countries, lacks updated. |
| What major weakness do FAO method have ? | -FAO uses the limited surveys with additional assumptions and extrapolations. -Lacks update of data on CVs -Assumptions are not always very transparent. -estimating the non-income component of the CV is adequate and reliable? Where is food loss ? May increase undernourished by 15% |
| What is mean dietary energy requirement ? | The MDER is defined as the consumption level that will balance energy expenditure. This depends on age, sex, body weight, physical activity levels, genetic factors, climate, among others. |
| What is the weakness regarding the cutoff point ? | specification of the sex-age-specific energy requirement. ( single cutoff for the whole population ?)Three points are: 1. EQUATIONS TO ESTIMATE THE BMR (Schofield equation-less accurate) 2. BODY WEIGHT NORMS FOR CHILDREN 3. AVERAGE HEIGHT BY SEX-AGE GROUPS |
| What are the advantage of FAO method of undernourishment calculation ? | It relies on data that are available for most countries and can be updated on a regular basis (except for CV). It allows comparisons across countries over time |
| What are the disadvantage of FAO method ? | The estimates can only be as good as the underlying data; inaccuracy in aggregate data, varying data quality. •A small variation in one of the parameters can make a big difference. •Holding the CV constant for long periods implicitly assumes that food availability is all that matters for food security. •The FAO method with only one measure per country does not produce actionable information for national policies. |
| What is the data source for food consumption based method of accessing undernourish population ? | Household living standard surveys often contain a detailed consumption (expenditure) module for food/ non-food items. From this data, quantities of food items are captured for calculating calorie consumption. |
| What is the demerit of Food consumption based method | Intra-household distribution is unknown, and consumption is not necessarily equal to actual intake however HH data are more accurate than FAO method country level aggregate data. |
| What is the disadvantage of Food consumption based method | Representative household surveys (with suitable consumption modules) are relatively costly, not available for all countries, and not updated in regular intervals. |
| How to tackle with the problem of three most common approaches of assessing chronic food insecurity and undernutrition ? | A key component will be planning and implementation of more comprehensive, standardized, and timely HH surveys covering food consumption and anthropometry, in addition other socioeconomic+ health variables. Such combined survey data will allow better assessment of the problems’ magnitude, as well as of trends, driving forces, and appropriate policy responses. |
| What is anthropometric method of undernourishment calculation ? | In this method body height and weight is measured during house hold level survey and is used to calculated the BMI and compared with the given cut off value eg. <18.5 for under weight. |
| What are three categories for Z score calculation ? | –Low height for age, HAZ (stunting, as a more long-term measure) –Low weight for age, WAZ (underweight, as a short-term measure) –Low weight for height, WHZ (wasting, as a combined measure) |
| What is the reference population for calculating the nutritional status ? | 10 years before reference population was that of American children. Now 7 8 countries average is taken as a reference and data is taken from Asia, America, Africa, Europe. |
| What is the advantage of the anthropometric method ? | Precise measures of nutritional status; suitable also for assessing overnutrition. |
| What are the disadvantage of anthropometric method ? | limited data availability (can be improved); not suitable for analysis of specific dietary problems. |
| What are the pros and cons of three different methods of measuring food insecurity and undernourishment ? | |
| Who are the hungry ? | |
| What is triple burden of malnutrition ? | 1. Undernutrition (hunger) 2. Micronutrient malnutrition (hidden hunger) 3. Overnutrition (overweight, obesity) |
| What is the current prediction in regards to the food deficit in 2050 ? | Current availability of calorie is 2800 which is 300 higher than average requirement of 2500 but for 2050 the availability is predicted about 2100 which shows 400 kilo calorie deficit. |
| What demand and supply side are affecting the food price ? | |
| Is adequate supply is enough for ending hunger ? | Hunger can persist in the midst of adequate aggregate supplies because of lacking income opportunities for poor and the absence of effective social safety nets. Experience of countries succeeded in reducing hunger and malnutrition shows economic growth does not automatically ensure success, the source of growth matters too. Growth originating in agriculture, in particular the smallholder sector, is at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest as growth from non-agriculture sectors. This is not surprising since 75 percent of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and their incomes are directly or indirectly linked to agriculture |
| What are the shortcomings in agriculture R & D ? | agricultural R&D expenditures were increased substantially in the 1970s and 80s, has been shrinking since the 1990s. Africa- reduced to 0.82 from 1.25 % Industrialized countries - 0.58 from 2.3 %. This growth continues to wane in spite of high reported rates of return to ag. R&D and emerging evidence of slowing rates of agricultural productivity growth |
| Is it possible to increase the arable land to increase production to feed the increasing population in the future ? | In some area it is possible to increase but environmental and biodiversity lost may prevail. Similarly about 5 million ha of land is abandoned annually due to land degradation. So, in future land will remain constant but one ha should feed about 6.6 person by 2050 instead of 4.3 person now. |
| What role do agriculture play in Global Warming ? | • GHG emissions through cattle, paddy fields, and overuse of nitrogen fertilizers (organic and inorganic) • GHG emissions through land use change (deforestation etc.) .GHG emission through fossil fuel use in agriculture production practices and input industries ( fertilizer, production equipments ) |
| What is the impact of global warming in agriculture | •Temp. effects on yield (heat, pests ) •Effects on land suitable for cropping • Erratic weather effects (droughts, floods, hurricanes etc.) • Impact of rising sea levels on land use and water supply (flooding of land and freshwater sources) • The impacts are uncertain and region-specific. But ag. production in South Asia and SS. Africa will be affected negatively. |
| What are the lessons from simulation in meat consumption and biofuels ? | Consumption pattern should be sustainable and stopping biofuel subsidies. Besides, influencing in feeding habit is difficult for the policy maker so , individual should be aware in changing food habit. Our consumption is resource intensive. We have limited resource and should be aware of resource conservation and promote tech reducing resource use per unit of output. |
| What is the relation between risk of food insecurity and HH income and liquid assets available ? | Value of food production deficit in a HH≤ income and liquid assets available to purchase food ( LHS= Food purchase requirement × Price of food) Lack ownership in availability also causes food insecurity can be seen as "entitlement failure" |
| What will be the effect of rising food price ? | Rising food price means less supply and high demand. Rural farmers are producer as well as they are consumer at other hand. So they will be worse off when food price increase. Majority are net buyers. In the long run number net consumer growing then number of producers. So rising food prices affects negatively. |
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