Psychology - AS -Key Words

Frage	Antworten
Ecological Validity	How realistic it is (to life).
Population Validity	To what extent would your findings be appropiate to show to a wider group range.
Independent Measures Design	Seperate groups containing different individuals.
Matched Pairs Design	Participants from two separate groups have been matched based on age, gender, ethnicity, ect.
Repeated Measures Design	The participants have been used more than once within a study.
Constant Measure	To keep an on-going consistency in the investiagtion.
Independant Variable (IV)	Anything that can manipulate the experiment.
Dependent Variable (DV)	The results of the independent variable.
Leading question	A question which lead someone to certain answers.
Ethics	A conduct that mens the method of experimentation is morally correct.
Quantitative	Numbers.
Qualitative	Words, specific observations.
Control Group	A group in which all the variables are controlled/The group is not exposed to certain treatments. Normally used to compare groups with a experimental group.
Experimental Method	Manipulating one variable to see how it effects another variable.
Hypothesis	A theory yet to be proven.
Representative Sample	Choosing a selection of people to represent society.
Demand Characteristics	An answer that the participent thinks the observer anticipates/wants. Do not confuse with 'Social Bias' as you will lose marks.
Social Bias	Participants answering a questionnaire or acting how they believe other think they should act. Trying to fit in (or out) of the norm.
Null Hypothesis	X (IV) will have no effect on Y (DV) (or vice-versa).
Alternative Hypothesis	There will be an effect on X (IV) and therefore an effect on Y (DV).
One Tailed Hypothesis	Predicting in a bias manner that the results will go in one direction.
Two tailed hypothesis	Simply stating that there is some kind of difference between two events but you are not sure what way the results will go (no bias towards a specific outcome).
Unstructured Interview	No pre-determined structure to the interview. Interviewerasks open-ended questions.
Structured Interview	Interviewer has a pre-determined list of questions that are set and asked to every participant without change.
Semi-structured Interview	The interviewer may have a list of questions but will use answers from the participant to ask specific questions.
Controlled Observation	Controlling the location and the participants during the observation.
Natural Observation	Observing participants in their natural enviroment (No control of what goes on).
Participant Observation	The observer takes an active role becoming a participating member of the natural or controlled enviroment.
Overt Observation	The participant knows they are being observed.
Covert Obervation	The participant doesn't know they are being observerved.
Unstructured Observation	The observer notes down everything they see (i.e behaviour).
Structured Observation	The observer takes notes on a scheduled basis - observing certain aspects.
Time Sampling	Having a set time to observe the participent.
Event Sampling	The observer will be looking for behaviour change and tallying when the behaviour occurs in the subject.
Social Learning Method	We learn not only from direct reinforcement but also by immitation from others and their behaviour around us.
Inter-rater Reliability (Inter-observer reliability)	To what extent do two or more observers agree on the subject of observation and their findings.
'Screw You Effect'	Where the participant either does what they think is wanted of them during the experiment or the exact opposite.
Split Half	Comparing one half of an experiments results with the other half.
Test-retested	Giving the same test to the same people at two different times and correlating their results. (A Repeated Measures Design)
Extraneous Variable	An undesirable variable that influences the relationship between the variables you are examining in your experiment but has been successfully controlled.
Confunding Variables	A type of extraneous variable where the vary of the Independant variables largely affect the outcome of the experiment and it's results.
Systematic Error	An error that varies due to independant variables.
Ethical Issues	For a study to be ethical is must keep to the stirct guidline of the six ethical issues: Avoidence of psychological harm, Informed consent, right to withdrawal, no deception, Debrief and confidentiality/anonymity.
Reliabilty	How consistant are the results of study? Are you able to easily replicate the study and gain the same or similar results.
Validity	Whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.
Order Affects	Refer to how the position of tasks can affect the results/how the participants respond to tasks.
Fatigue Effects	Participants becoming tired due to long-winded tasks or the time taken to do multiple tasks. This is normally seen alongside order affects.

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	Erstellt von Robyn Chamberlain vor etwa 11 Jahre