Framing effect- Psychology

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Framing effect: Definition Image: 0 K Vi1k Cr4 D4 V1k0 Wt (binary/octet-stream)	It is a decision making bias caused by propensity to evaluate outcomes as positive or negative changes from their current state.
A set of experiments by Tversky & Kahneman	A set of experiments on framing performed by psychologists Tversky and Kahneman (1981) indicated that different phrasing affected participants' responses to a question about a disease prevention strategy.
Problem 1	600 people were affected by a hypothetical deadly disease: 1) option A saves 200 people's lives. 2) option B has a 33% chance of saving all 600 people and a 66% possibility of saving no one.
Results	The decisions of the participants have the same expected value of 200 lives saved, but option B is risky. 72% of participants chose option A, whereas only 28% of participants chose option B. Hence,a positive frame emphasizes lives gained.
Problem 2	It was given to another group of participants and they were offered same scenario but options were described differently: 1) if option C is taken,then 400 people die. 2) if option D is taken, then there is a 33% chance that no people will die and a 66% probability that all 600 will die.
Results	However, in this group, results differed and 78% of participants chose option D (equivalent to option B), whereas only 22% of participants chose option C (equivalent to option A). Hence, a negative frame emphasizes lives lost.
Discussion	The difference in choice between these parallel options is due to the framing effect; the two groups favored different options because the options were expressed employing different languages.
Causes	1) In the hierarchy of choice of architecture, a sure gain is preferred to a probable one, and a probable loss is preferred to a sure loss. 2) Choices can also be worded in a way that highlights the positive or negative aspects of the same decision.
Importance	1) Framing can be used for emotional appeals to social pressure to priming. 2) When a positive frame is presented people are more likely to avoid risks, but will be risk-seeking when a negative frame is presented.
Importance	3) Especially important to note is that the effect seems to increase with age, which is important when designing health and financial policies.
Developmental factors	1) Children between the ages of 10 and 12 are more likely to take risks and show framing effects, while younger children only consider the quantitative differences between the two options presented.
Developmental factors	2) Younger adults are more likely to be tempted by risk-taking when presented with loss frame trials. 3) The framing effect is claimed to be greater in older adults than in younger adults or adolescents.
Applications (Medical field)	1) Participants were exposed to the ‘Asian disease’ problem (Tversky & Kahneman,1981). They avoided the risky option when the problem was framed positively, but preferred the risky option when the problem was framed negatively.
Applications (Academic field)	Almost 100% of students registered early when a penalty fee frame was presented for not doing so, compared with just over 65% when it was framed as a discount (Gächter et al., 2009). People would rather avoid losing something than have a small gain.
Applications (Political field)	A minority of people supported "forbidding public condemnation of democracy," while most were opposed to it if it were allowed. People don't seem to support something if the framing suggests that it will take something away.(Rugg in Plous, 1993).
Applications (Economics field)	When a proposal is framed that it will positively contribute to employment, it will gain support. However, if the same proposal is framed through unemployment rates, fewer people are likely to support it.
Applications (Legal field)	Pretrial detention may increase a defendant's willingness to accept a plea bargain, since imprisonment, rather than freedom, will be his baseline, and pleading guilty will be viewed as an event that will cause his earlier release rather than as an event that will put him in prison.
Influence on people	Being manipulated by the social strategies of others puts people in a vulnerable position. Expert framers can take advantage of individuals who don't understand.
Coping strategies	If people feel being taken advantage of or routinely manipulated, they can reach out to the counselors or mental health professionals and gain the strategies that will help them overcome these habits and gain confidence.
Flashcards by-	Saloni Bhutra and Priyal Nerkar.

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Framing effect- Psychology

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