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Karteikarten von stephanie-vee, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von stephanie-vee
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What does the visual perception system consist of? | The complete physiological structures involved in vision - eyes, nervous system and brain. |
| What is sensation? | The process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to stimuli (e.g. light) |
| What is perception? | Perception refers to the process by which we give meaning to sensory information, resulting in our personal interpretation of that info. |
| What is the cornea? | A protective cover on the eye and helps focus incoming light |
| What is the pupil? | An opening in the eye which helps regulate the amount of incoming light (the black centre of your eye) |
| What is the iris? | A round band of muscles in the eye which expand and contract to control light. (it is the coloured part of your eye) |
| What does the lens do? | Focuses light onto the retina. |
| What is the photoreceptor? | A light sensitive receptor cell. |
| What does the retina do? | Receives, absorbs and processes light |
| What is the 'pathway of light' and what is the process? | The 'pathway of light' is the process of light entering the eye and the brain receiving that information. The process: * The stimulus (Light) enters the eye * Reception - Photoreceptors in retina detect light * Transduction - The light is converted from electromagnetic to electrochemical energy. * Transmission (sent to brain via optic nerve) * Received in the visual context and organisation and interpretation occurs in that area and throughout the brain. |
| What is the 'Gestalt principle'? | It means 'organised whole'. Gestalt principle refers to the ways in which we organise the features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form. |
| What is figure ground? | Organising visual information by perceptually dividing a visual scene into a 'figure', which stands out from the 'ground' which is the surroundings. For example, this text on this flashcard, or a stop sign. |
| What is closure? | Closure is when you mentally 'close up', fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image and perceive the images as a complete 'whole'. An example would be the IBM logo. |
| What is similarity? | Similarity involves the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features - such as size, shape, texture or colour - as belonging together in a unit, group or 'whole'. The ishihara colour blind test is an example of similarity. |
| What is proximity? | Proximity (or nearness) is the tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group, such as the image to the left. Or, letters that are close together can be perceived as a word. |
| What is depth perception? | The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions. |
| What are depth cues? | Depth cues are sources of information from the environment (external cues) or from within the body (internal cues) that help us perceive how far away objects are and therefore to perceive depth. |
| What are binocular depth cues and what are some examples of them? | Binocular depth cues require the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brain about depth and distance. Examples of Binocular depth cues: *Convergence *Retinal disparity |
| What is convergence? | Convergence involves the brain detecting and interpreting depth or distance from changes in tension in the eye muscles that occur when two eyes turn inwards to focus on close objects. The brain detects greater tension in the eye muscles when an object gets closer, and less tension when the object is further away, |
| What is retinal disparity? | Retinal disparity refers to the slight difference in the location of the visual images on the retinae which enables us to make judgements about the depth and distance of an object. |
| What are monocular depth cues and what are some examples? | Monocular depth cues require the use of only one eye to provide information to the brain about depth and distance. Monocular cues include accommodation and pictorial cues. |
| What is accommodation? | Accommodation involves the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus an object in response to changes in how far away the object is. |
| What are pictorial cues and what are some examples? | They are what artists use to create depth and distance on two dimensional surfaces such as paper and canvas. Pictorial cues include: *Linear perspective *Interposition *Texture gradient *Relative size *Height in the visual field |
| What is the linear perspective? | Linear perspective is the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance. |
| What is interposition? | Interposition (or overlap) often occurs when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the partially blocked object is perceived as further away than the object that obscures it. |
| What is texture gradient? | It refers to the gradual reduction of detail in a surface as it recedes into the distance, compared with a surface that is close and perceived in fine detail. |
| What is relative size? | Relative size refers to the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer, and the object that produces the smallest image as being further away. |
| What is height in the visual field? | It refers to the location of objects in our field of vision, whereby objects that are located closer to the horizon are perceived as being more distant than objects located further from the horizon. |
| What are perceptual consistencies? | The tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina. Types of perceptual consistencies include: *Size *Shape *Brightness |
| What is size consistency? | Size consistency is when you recognise an object's actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on the retina changes. |
| What is shape consistancy? | The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change to the shape of the image of the object on the retina. |
| What is brightness consistancy? | It is the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings, despite changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object to the retina. |
| What's a perceptual set? | A predisposition (or readiness) to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be . |
| What is context? | The setting or environment in which a perception is made. |
| What is motivation? | The process within us which activates behaviour that we direct towards achieving a particular goal. |
| What is emotional state and how can it affect the way we perceive visual information? | Emotional state is how you are feeling. Different emotions can 'set' us to perceive information in a particular way which is consistent with the emotion being experienced. For example, a child scared of their darkened room may perceive their teddy bear on the end of the bed as a monster, or their hanging dressing gown as a ghost. |
| What is past experience? | Our personal experiences throughout our lives. Everything we've learnt through experience, both intentionally and unintentionally. |
| What is a visual illusion and what are some examples? | A distortion (or mistake) of real sensory information. An experience in which there is a mismatch between our perception and what we understand as physical reality. Examples include: * Moon illusion * Muller-Lyer illusion *Ames room illusion |
| Name two types of photoreceptors and their specialties. | Rods and cones. Rods respond to very low levels of light and are primarily responsible for night vision. Cones respond to light and can see in fine detail. |
| How does the Muller-Lyer illusion work? | The Muller-Lyer illusion is an illusion in which one of two lines of equal length, each with opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other. |
| How does the Ames room illusion work? | When you look (through a peephole -- to remove any cues from stereopsis) into an Ames Room, the room looks like a normal cubic room. But the floor, ceiling, some walls, and the far windows are trapezoidal surfaces. Although the floor appears level, it is at an incline (the far left corner is much lower than the near right corner). The walls appear perpendicular to the floor, although they are actually slanted outwards. |
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