Chemistry AQA Triple Science GCSE C1

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check for C2 and C3 also
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Frage Antworten
How many elements are there? About 100
What do the groups contain? Elements with similar properties.
What is the symbol for sodium? Na
What is in the nucleus of an atom? Protons and Neutrons
What orbits the nucleus? Electrons
what is the charge of an electron? -1
what is the overall charge of an atom? zero
What does the atomic number tell us? The number of protons.
What does the mass number tell us? The sum of protons and neutrons.
Al has 13 electrons, give its electronic structure. 2,8,3
What is important about elements in the same group? They have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
What is the name for group 0 elements? Noble gases
Why are group 0 elements unreactive? Stable arrangement of electrons.
What 3 ways do atoms form compounds? Giving, taking and sharing electrons.
What bonding is formed between a metal and non-metal? ionic
What bonding is formed between non-metals only? Covalent
What is important about the mass of a chemical reaction? The mass stays the same.
What is the chemical name for limestone? calcium carbonate CaCO3
What is the name for the reaction where limestone is heated? Thermal decomposition
What are the 2 products of heating limestone? calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Give 5 carbonates which also decompose. Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Na
What is the product of reacting calcium oxide and water? calcium hydroxide
What is calcium hydroxide used for? neutralising acid
What is another name for calcium hydroxide? Lime water
What do we get when we react calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide? calcium carbonate
What happens to lime water when you react it with carbon dioxide? It goes cloudy
what forms when carbonates react with acid? carbon dioxide, water and salt
How do we make cement? Heat clay and limestone.
How do we make mortar? cement and sand
How do we make concrete? Cement, sand and aggregate.
What is an ore? Rock that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract.
What happens to an ore? Mined and concentrated, then extracted and purified.
Name a metal found in the Earth by itself? Gold
How are most metals found? As compounds
Which metals are extracted by reduction with carbon? Metals lower than carbon in the reactivity series
How are more reactive metals extracted? Electrolysis of molten compounds.
What is the disadvantage of electrolysis? high cost
What is smelting? Heating copper rich ores in a furnace.
What is the problem with copper ores? Limited supply
Name 4 other ways of extracting copper. Phytomining, bioleaching, displacement using scrap iron and electrolysis of copper salts.
Why is it expensive to extract Al and Ti? Many stages in the process and large amounts of energy needed.
Why should we recycle metals? Save resources, expensive in terms of energy, affects the environment.
How pure is iron from a blast furnace? 96%
why is this impure iron almost useless? impurities make it brittle.
What is steel? An alloy of iron with carbon.
Give a property of low carbon steel. Easily shaped.
Give a property of high carbon steel. Hard
Give a property of stainless steel. Resistant to corrosion.
Why do we usually make alloys from metals? To make the harder for everyday use.
What do we call the elements in the central block of the periodic table? Transition metals.
Give three properties of transition metals? Conduct heat, conduct electricity, can be bent or hammered into shape.
What do we use copper for? Electrical wiring and plumbing.
Why are Al and Ti useful? Low density and resistant to corrosion.
What is crude oil? A mixture of a large number of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.
What is a mixture? Two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.
What are hydrocarbons? Compounds containing only carbon an hydrogen.
What are saturated compounds called? Alkanes
What is the general formula for alkanes? Cn H2n +2
What process separates the compounds in crude oil? Fractional distilation.
As the carbon chain increases, what happens to the boiling point? increases
As the carbon chain increases what happens to the viscosity? increases
As the carbon chain increases, what happens to the flammability? Decreases.
What elements do most fuels contain? Carbon, hydrogen and some sulphur.
What gases are produced when fuels are burnt? carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
What happens to the carbon and hydrogen during combustion? They are oxidised.
What is the main problem with sulphur dioxides and nitrogen dioxides? Acidic rain.
What problem does carbon dioxide cause? Global warming.
What problem do solid particles cause? Global dimming.
From what do we make biofuels? biodiesel and ethanol.
How do we get small hydrocarbons from larger ones? Cracking
What is the process of cracking? Heating the hydrocarbons to vaporise them, then passing over a hot catalyst or mixing with steam at a very high temperature.
What are the products of cracking? alkanes and alkenes
What is the general formula for alkenes? Cn H2n
What does = represent in an alkene? A double bond.
What do we see when bromine water is added to alkanes? The bromine water stays orange.
What do we see when bromine is added to alkenes? The bromine goes from orange to colourless.
How are polymers made? Many small molecules join together to form very large molecules.
What are the small molecules used to make polymers called? Monomers
Give 2 uses of polymers. Packaging materials, waterproof coating, dental polymers wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials.
Why is the disposal of polymers a problem? polymers are not biodegradable.
What are new biodegradable plastics made from? Corn starch
Give 2 methods of making ethanol. Reacting ethene with steam with a catalyst, or fermenting sugar with yeast.
Give the equation for fermentation. yeast Sugar----> carbon + ethanol dioxide
From what are vegetable oils extracted? Nuts, seeds and fruit.
How is the oil removed? Plant material crushed, oil pressed out or distilled.
What is removed during the process? Water and impurities
What are vegetable oils important for? Food and fuel
Why are oils important? They provide a lot of energy
Give an advantage of using oil to cook. Food cooks faster, different flavour.
Give a disadvantage of using oil to cook. More energy is released.
What is an emulsion? mix of oil and water which doesn't separate.
Give 4 uses of emulsions. Salad dressing, paints, cosmetics and ice cream.
What does hydrophilic mean? likes water.
What does hydrophobic mean? Dislikes water.
What do unsaturated molecules contain? Double carbon=carbon bonds
What happens to bromine water with unsaturated molecules? Turns from orange to colourless.
How do we harden vegetable oils? Through hydrodgenation.
Describe the process of hydrogenation. React vegetable oil with hydrogen, with a nickle catalyst at 60C
What is hardened vegetable oil? Margarine
What are the three sections of the Earth? Core, mantle, and crust.
What are the crust and upper mantle cracked into? tectonic plates.
How fast do tectonic plates move? A few cm per year.
What causes tectonic movement? Radioactive decay causes convection currents.
What problems do plate movements cause? Earthquakes and volcanoes.
What is the % of nitrogen in the atmosphere? about 80%
What is the % of oxygen in the atmosphere? 20%
Name 2 other gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, water vapour, noble gases
What caused the gases in the early atmosphere? Volcanoes
How were the oceans formed? water vapour condensed
What gases were present in the early atmosphere? Carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, water vapour
What is the main theory as to how life was formed? interaction between hydrocarbons, ammonia and lightning.
What produced the oxygen in the atmosphere? Plants and algae
Where does carbon dioxide get removed from the atmosphere? In sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels.
What is the problem of carbon dioxide being absorbed into the ocean? Impact on marine environment
What is causing the increase in carbon dioxide? Burning fossil fuels.
How do we separate the gases in the air? Fractional distillation.
Why can we separate the gases in the air? They have different boiling points.
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