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Karteikarten von Haley Cordova, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What did Pavlov's original work involve? | Salivating Dogs |
| What is classical conditioning? | Basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response |
| What is the unconditioned stimulus? | The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response WITHOUT the need for prior learning |
| What is the unconditioned response? | The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (Salivation at food) |
| What is the conditioned stimulus? | A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (Ringing the bell) |
| What is the conditioned response? | The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (Salivation at the bell) |
| What is stimulus generalization? | The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well |
| What is stimulus discrimination? | Occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli |
| What is higher order conditioning? (Second order conditioning) | A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| What is extinction? | The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior |
| What is spontaneous recovery? | Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| Identify the classical conditioning elements in the Little Albert study | UCS: Loud noise UCR: fear CS: White rat CR: fear |
| What is biological preparedness? | In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses |
| What was the main focus of Robert Rescorla's research? | Reliability |
| What is reliability? | EX: Rats who received shocks always paired with a tone displayed a conditioned fear response to the tone. Rats who received additional shocks without the tone reasoned that the tone is an UNRELIABLE source of an impending shock. |
| What is learned helplessness? | A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior (Dogs who cannot escape a shock learn to accept it. When they are allowed an option to escape, they will not even try.) |
| What is operant conditioning? | The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response |
| What are the major differences between classical and operant conditioning? | Classical - neutral signal BEFORE the behavior; operant - reinforcement or punishment AFTER a behavior. Classical - involuntary; operant - voluntary |
| What is the law of effect? | Proposed by Thorndike: responses followed by satisfying effect are more likely to recur; responses followed by an dissatisfying effect are less likely to recur |
| What is an operant? | An actively committed (voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences |
| What is positive reinforcement? | Situation in which response is followed by the ADDITION of a reinforcing stimulus, which INCREASES the likelihood that it will be repeated (Your coach yells "NICE!" after you do something good) |
| What is negative reinforcement? | Situation in which response results in the removal/avoidance/escape from a punishing stimulus; INCREASING the likelihood that it will be repeated (Take aspirin to "escape" headache; pay bills to "avoid" late charge) |
| What is punishment by application? (Positive punishment) | A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus |
| What is punishment by removal? (Negative punishment) | Situation in which an operant is followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus (After she buys stock (operant) the company fails and she loses her money) |
| What is shaping? | The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed |
| What was Albert Bandura's main research? | Most of human behavior is acquired through observational learning; watching and processing information about other's actions and consequences influences whether or not that behavior will be imitated |
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