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| Frage | Antworten |
| the divisions of the peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
| what does the somatic nervous system do? | provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles |
| what does the autonomic nervous system do? | provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity |
| what divisions make up the autonomic nervous system | the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems |
| what does the sympathetic nervous system do? | activated under conditions of stress and produces the fight-or-flight response |
| what does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | activated under non-stressful conditions and produces the rest-and-digest response |
| what are the two primary neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system? | norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) |
| Which neurotransmitter is released in the sympathetic nervous system at almost all postganglionic nerves and binds with adrenergic receptors? | Norepinephrine |
| Which neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system and binds with cholinergic receptors? | Acetylcholine |
| Where are alpha1-adrenergic receptors located? | in all sympathetic target organs except the heart |
| What does activation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors cause? | constriction of blood vessels and dilation of the pupils |
| Where are alpha2-adrenergic receptors located? | at presynaptic adrenergic neuron terminals |
| What does activation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors cause? | they inhibit the release of norepinephrine |
| Where are beta1-adrenergic receptors located? | on the heart and kidneys |
| What does activation of beta1-adrenergic receptors cause? | increase the heart rate and the force of contraction of the heart and the release of renin from the kidneys |
| Where are Beta2-adrenergic receptors located? | They are located in all sympathetic target organs except the heart |
| What does activation of the beta2-adrenergic receptors cause? | It inhibits smooth muscle. |
| Where are nicotinic receptors found? | They are located in cell bodies of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. |
| What does activation of nicotinic receptors cause? | It stimulates smooth muscle and secretion of glands. |
| Where are muscarinic receptors located? | They are located in the parasympathetic target organs except the heart. |
| What does activation of the muscarinic receptors cause? | It stimulates smooth muscle and secretion from glands. |
| Adrenergic agents or sympathomimetics | Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system |
| Adrenergic-blocking agents/ adrenergic antagonists/ sympatholytics | Drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system |
| Cholinergic agents/ parasympathomimetics | Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system |
| Cholinergic-blocking agents/ anticholinergics/ parasympatholytics/ muscarinic blockers | Drugs that inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system |
| phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) drug classification | adrenergic agents (sympathomimetic) |
| phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) mechanism of action | to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system either directly, by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors, or indirectly, by causing the release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic neuron or by inhibiting the reuptake or destruction of norepinephrine |
| phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) primary uses | when alpha1 receptors are activated: treatment of nasal congestion or hypotension-- causes dilation of pupils during opthalmic exams alpha2: treatment of hypertension beta1: treatment of cardiac arrest, heart failure, and shock beta2: treatment of asthma and premature-labor contractions. |
| phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) adverse effects | The adverse effects are tachycardia, hypertension, dysrhythmias, CNS excitation and seizures, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, anorexia |
| prazosin (Minipress) drug classification | classified as adrenergic-blocking agent |
| prazosin (Minipress) mechanism of action | inhibits the SNS and produces many of the same rest-and-digest symptoms of the parasympathomimetics |
| prazosin (Minipress) primary use | the treatment of hypertension, dysrhythmias, angina, heart failure, benigh prostatic hypertrophy, and narrow-angle glaucoma |
| prazosin (Minipress) adverse effects | dizziness, drowsiness, headache, loss of energy and strength, palpitations, and dry mouth |
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