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Karteikarten von jessbailey24, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von jessbailey24
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| Frage | Antworten |
| MSM | STM: D-18-30s E-acoustic C-7+/-2 LTM: D-mins tolife E-semantic C-unlimited |
| STM-Duration-study | peterson&peterson- nonsense trigrams counting back in 3s for: 3,6,9,12,15/18 seconds 90% at 3s 2% at 18s Memory fades at 18s |
| STM- Capacity | Jacobs- Serial digit span starting at 3 digits increase until can't recall correct order found average remember 5-9 supports millers number |
| STM- Encoding | Conrad- b,c,f,m,n,p,s,t,v,x each letter 0.75s recall 6 of them found mix up similar sounding encoded acoustically |
| LTM- Duration | Bahrik- tested people of different ages on yearbook photos found after 48 years still 70% right |
| LTM- Capacity | Linton- kept diary of 5,500 events for 6 years-tested each month on dates good recall Waagner- 2,400 events 6 years tested events each month |
| LTM- Encoding | Baddely- given 1 of 4 lists acoustically/semanticly similar/disimilar 20 minutes to learn found they mix up semantic- suggests encoded that way |
| KEYWORDS: Memory, Storage, Retrieval | Memory: Cognitive function of processing and maintaining sensory info over time Storage: Where&how info is stored to be recalled from when needed Retrieval: cognitive function of recalling information |
| WMM | |
| Central executive | Modality free attentional control system, limited capacity, processes sensory information to the two slave systems. Monitors& corrects mistakes-decision making |
| Phonological loop | stores audio information articulatory process: Sub vocal repetition started by CE. Time based capacity Phonological store: Remembers heard words and how they sound |
| Visuo-spatial sketchpad | Stores visual information Inner scribe: spatial relationships Visual cache: colour, size and shapes |
| Episodic buffer | Added by Baddely in 2000 general store integrates information from CE, PL, VSS, LTM |
| Baddely et al: Phonological loop | Monosyllabic/polysyllabic word list remembered short words easier- time based articulatory process Added articulatory supression task:repeating the the the forget both- can't rehearse |
| Baddely et al- VSS | Used dual task technique- Tracked white light with finger and either: Marked angles of F or recite alphabet visual task harder because it's the same slave system so competes for attention |
| Bugne et al- CE | fMRI scan showed same brain areas active during 2 tasks using both slave systems: shows processed through one component More activity in dual task: increased attentional demands |
| Separate slave systems: dual task technique | 2 tasks CE-T/F reasoning task and: articulatory process repeat the the CE&AP- say random numbers/ no task Found AP and no task same speed CE&AP slower- uses the same component- competes for attention |
| STRENGTHS OF WMM | +More comprehensive than MSM of the different stores and encoding of STM +supporting evidence for stores and functions of them |
| Limitations of WMM | -No detail of how processed into or stored in LTM- not fully comprehensive -CE not fully explained smaller parts of it which do different tasks: reasoning/decision making |
| Factors affecting EWT | Age, Misleading information& anxiety/psychological arousal |
| Misleading information LOFTUS AND PALMER | 45 psychology students shown car crash asked to guess speed car goes when it hit/bumped/collided/smashed/contacted the car: hit: 34.0 smashed: 40.8 |
| Misleading information: LOFTUS&ZANNI | New participants, shown 1 minute car crash- asked if they saw any broken glass when hit/smashed/no verb YES: S-16 H-7 --6 NO: S-34 H-43 --44 |
| Misleading information- LOFTUS | Shown slides of a car overtaking another parked at a stop/yield sign asked questions with either same/different sign in then chose from slides which sign if same: 75% right sign if different: 41% right sign |
| AGE- Pozzulo&Lindsay | Meta-analysis- <5 less accurate than older 5< as accurate as adults <13 more likely to choose if not there-more affected by social pressure |
| Own age bias | Anastasi&Rhodes shown 24 photos from 3 age groups 18-25, 35-45, 55-78 filler activity then select from more younger generally more accurate but all as accurate for own age |
| Brewer et al | 60 to 80 year olds more likely to choose in a line up |
| Bruck& Merlyk | Children cognitively incompetent children believe own distortions after misleading information kids made false memories after warned-more suggestible 30% improved accuracy if draw before |
| Meta-analysis evaluation | +strong evidence-overall patterns-more valid +More generalisable- more p'pants -Publication bias, only studies suit own hypothesis-less valid/representitive -Not given all data from studies so not fully comprehensive/ reliable |
| Anxiety- | Unpleasant emotional state fearing something bad will happen often stressful situations- psychological arousal |
| Anxiety- Deffenbacher | Meta-analysis- reviewed21 studies used 18 see effects of high levels of anxiety/PA HIGH STRESS LOW RECALL |
| Anxiety- Christianson& Hubinette | Studied 58 real witnesses of real bank robberies. If threatened had better recall than witnesses who would be less emotionally aroused still more accurate after 18 months |
| weapon focus effect | Loftus- P'pants heard discussion in another room condition 1: calm, pen&ink condition 2: heated. paperknife, blood F.1: 49% accurate 33% accurate from 50 photos |
| Cognitive interview- 4 principles | Report Everything- tiny details act as retrieval cues Reinstate Context-recreate environment Reverse Order- may have forgotten bits Change perspective- asked how it may appear to other witnesses |
| Fisher et al | real interviews by detectives in florida over 4 months. Found brief, closed q's, out of sync with witness's order not talk freely-broke concentration remembered less |
| STRENGTHS | Geiselman- average no. correct statements 41.1 CI 29.4 SI Kohnken- meta-analysis 53 studies 34% more accurate in correct info- college,lab Milne&Bull- tested effectiveness of principles- all similar alone CR&RE higher recall than others |
| Weakness | Kebbell&Wagstaff- CI problematic often more time to conduct than available. police try to limit to minimum info Memon- police need quality training for it to be effective- expensive |
| Standard vs cognitive | Closed brief,lack detail/ open-detailed Out of sequence/witness talks freely Interruptions/no distraction concentrate ALSO use imagery, no judgmental comments, adapt language to individual |
| Verbal mnemonics | Acronyms- 1st letters create word Acrostic- 1st letter sentance Rhymes- rhythm with words Make them more memorable |
| Visual mnemonics | Loci- link words and images picture in familiar places Keyword method- remember words picture an image linking both Mind maps- Each topic more unique than mind maps visual cues |
| how mnemonics work | Organisation- establish links helps recall association in the brain Elaborative rehearsal- elaborate on information, more enduring memory |
| Supporting evidence | VERBAL-Gruneberg- 30% psych students for final exams Gidden- effective in kids w/ learning difficul VISUAL-o'hara- found loci has long-term memory benefits for adults |
| Limitation | Mixed results in classrooms- useful for teaching vocab no evidence of helping students actually speak the language LAB EXPERIMENTS |
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