The structure of the Internet

Frage	Antworten
What type of software is required to access a web site?	Browser software
What is the ISP role? (Internet service provider)	To provide access to the Internet to individuals/organisations. To provide electronic mail boxes. To act as hosts for web pages.
What is the primary role of an ISP?	Provide internet access.
What's a protocol?	It's a set of rules that allows communication. E.g. HTTP, FTP, POP, SMTP
What's a telnet?	It's a text-based protocol that can be used to manage a remote machine e.g. web site.
What does POP3 stand for and what does it mean?	Post Office Protocol Downloading personal emails from a web mail server.
What does SMTP stand for and what does it do?	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Sends email messages.
What does FTP do?	Uploading files to a web server.
Give a use for each of the protocols listed below.	FTP: to upload/download files POP3: to retrieve/fetch email = to check for new emails HTTPS: acces your online bank account using a web browser
State two reasons why the technician uses remote management software from her computer rather than going to the actual servers.	Servers might be in another room/site/cupboard/inaccessible. Servers can be managed outside of work hours/from anywhere. It would be quicker and more convenient to manage from her machine than visit the servers.
Define world wide web.	Collection of data files using Hypertext Mark-up Language.
What is the internet?	World-wide collection of networks/computers using the same protocol (TCP/IP)
Explain the differences between the World Wide Web and the Internet.	WWW: - a system of hypertext documents - accessed via the internet - uses HTTP protocol The Internet: - a network of interconnected computer networks - using a globally unique address space - using TCP/IP protocol
What's the Intranet?	Network providing Internet facilities within an organisation.
Name two similarities between an Intranet and the Internet.	Both use the same protocol (Both use TCP/IP). Both use the same software (web browser). Both have a similar purpose (share information/data/resources). Both have accessed through the use of a URL. Both are client-server based.
What does URL stand for and what does it consist of?	Uniform Resource Locator Protocol used + address of resource
Structure of the web address	Image: 1c77777a-1685-4ca6-9bfe-0aaa6bd2b3c4 (image/png)
Describe the three labelled parts of this URL: ftp://ftp.fileden.org.uk/pascal/source.pas	ftp - protocol used ftp.fileden.org.uk - fully qualifies domain name pascal/source.pas - path name
Give an example of a URL.	http://www.bbc.co.uk/history
Below is the URL of a web page. http://www.aqa.org.uk Explain what each of these parts of the URL mean.	http:// - (Hypertext transfer protocol) this is the protocol that will be used. www - web page uk - country the site is registered in
What's an IP address?	Globally unique address used to identify an individual device. Ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
What is an internet registrar?	The organisation responsible for recording the allocations of public IP addresses.
What's a protocol?	A set of rules that allows communication.
What's a domain name?	User friendly reference that maps to an IP address.
Who issues the IP addresses?	Internet Registrar
What are internet registries responsible for?	Stores registered domain names Maps domain names to IP addresses
What is the relationship between the IP address and the domain name?	One to One Domain name has a single IP address
Why do people prefer to use a Fully Qualified Domain Name rather than an IP address?	Easier to remember a fully qualified domain name (IP addresses are less memorable). Fully qualified domain name is easier to understand.
What does URI stand for and what does it do?	Uniform Resource Identifier Specifies how to access a resource on the Internet
What's the difference between a URL and a URN?	URIs include URLs and URNs. URL identifies a resource by its network location. URN identifies it by name.
What's a DNS server?	Domain name server A server that translates fully qualified domain names into IP addresses.
Describe the stages of packet switching.	When messages are broken down into smaller chunks called packets before they are sent out. Each pocket is then transmitted that is routed from source to destination using routes. Once all the packets arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
What is the advantage of packet switching?	Can easily get around broken bits of the network.
What is the disadvantage of packet switching?	The time it takes to put back the data package changes each time.
What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?	Circuit switching: All packets are sent through the same switches. No routing overhead. All packets arrive in order they were sent. Packets are not stored/queued for any length of time at switches. Predictable delays. Packet switching: Packets do not necessarily travel through the same switches. Can change route from packet to packet. Packets can arrive out of order. Queuing takes place at switches (packets can be stored for some time). Involve unpredictable delays.
Give some roles of routers.	Route packets according to destination IP address. To manage congestion. To choose an appropriate forwarding route. To forward packets from one network to another.
What's a router?	A device that receives packets from one computer Uses the IP addresses that they contain to pass on these packets correctly formatted to another router/computer. A device which uses IP addresses to route packets.
What are the tasks performed by the TCP?	Sets packet size. Splits the data into packets (dissembling messages + assembling packets). Add TCP headers. Add TCP trailer (error handling). Check that transmission is successful. Resend transmission if necessary. Allocation of port numbers.
What are some of the well-known port numbers and their servers?	20 - FTP server, file transfer data 21 - FTP server, file transfer control 80 and 8080 - web server 25 - SMTP server 110 - POP3 server 23 - Telnet server
What is a client port?	Port that is temporarily assigned and only exists for duration of connection.
A web server uses well-known port numbers to provide a service to client computers. Why must these port numbers be well known?	Communication initiated by clients. Clients must know which port number to connect to. Particular port numbers are used to provide a particular service.
What is a socket?	A combination of the IP address + port number.

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The structure of the Internet

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