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Karteikarten von melissa.hobbs, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What is the purpose of the Health Belief model? | A theory to explore the reasons people may not practice health behaviours. |
| What 7 influences can impact a person into changing their health behaviours? | Susceptibility Severity Cues to action (prompts to start change) Costs Benefits Health motivation Perceived Control |
| What study relates to the Health Belief Model? | Abraham |
| What is the aim of Abraham's study? | intentions of carrying out HIV preventative behaviour |
| What is the sample of Abraham's study? | 351 scottish teens |
| What is the method of Abraham's study? | Self Report/Postal Questionnaire |
| What did Abraham find? | Most intended to use preventative behaviour. Costs outweighed pros =Awkward =Pleasure reduction Didn't perceive high susceptibility |
| What is the Locus of Control? | Our beliefs of what control events in our lives. |
| What are the two types of Locus of Control? | Internal - Think rationally and understand your actions have consequences External - Irrational belief that all events stem from an external source and you have no control |
| Where does our LoC come from? | It all stems from past experiences. Internal coming from consistent rewards and punishment External coming from inconsistent rewards and punishment |
| Which study is relevant to the LoC? | Steptoe and Wardle |
| What is the aim of Steptoe and Wardle's research? | investigate the relationship between health LoC, health values and 10 health related behaviours (e.g. not smoking, seatbelt use, daily toothbrushing) |
| What is the sample of Steptoe and Wardle's research? | Over 7000 students |
| What did Steptoe and Wardle find? | P's with the highest INTERNAL scores were more likely to perform 5 or more health behaviours. Low INTERNAL and High EXTERNAL scores = poor health choices |
| How is LoC measured? | Self Report Use a likert scale (degree to agree) on statements about attitude to health behaviours. |
| What is Self Efficacy? | The inner belief that you can successfully carry out a change in your health behaviour |
| What 2 aspects make up your Self Efficacy? | Outcome Expectations - general belief about outcome of the behaviour. Efficacy Expectations - Past experiences, Vicarious (Other's) experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal. |
| How does emotional arousal effect your self efficacy? | If there is high emotional arousal, generally S.E is low. Low emotional arousal = High S.E |
| How does cognitive appraisal effect our Self Efficacy? | Cognitive Appraisal is the assessment of a situation so our belief about the situation may influence our S.E |
| What study relates to Self Efficacy? | Bandura & Adams |
| What is the aim of Bandura & Adams' study? | assess the S.E of patients undergoing Systematic desensitisation |
| What was the sample of Bandura and Adams' study? | 10 Snake phobic patients (via self selected-newspaper ad) |
| What is the method of Bandura and Adams' study? | Correlational |
| What were the 3 stages on Bandura and Adams' procedure? | 1. P's completed 29 tasks (increased exposure to snake) + S.E measured before each task. 2. Systematic Desensitisation 3. Tasks re-administered (1 week after 2. max.) |
| What were the results of Bandura and Adams' study? | Efficacy expectations increased- pre 15% post 50% Ability to interact with snake pre 11% post 54% |
| What are the 3 methods of health promotion? | Media Campaigns Legislation Fear Arousal |
| How does the World Health Organisation (WHO) define health promo? | "the process of enabling people to increase control and improve their health" |
| How do media campaigns work? | Seek to change behaviour by first changing attitudes |
| What study uses media campaigns? | Cowpe |
| What does Cowpe seek to change? (Aim) | Investigate if ads could reduce chip-pan fires |
| What method did Cowpe use? | Quasi-experiment Questionnaires and analysis of fire brigade records/stats |
| What was the sample? | 10 regions between 1976 - 1984 |
| What did Cowpe use as the procedure? | 2 ads showing cause and actions to put fire out. |
| What were the results of Cowpe's study? | STATS - The largest reduction of chip pan fires was during the campaign. If the regions were exposed on more than one channel it showed less impact. Q - increased awareness & chip pans mentioned more as dangerous (Y'Shire pre - 12% post - 28% ) |
| How does legislation work? | Legislation is an authoritarian approach to prevent unsafe and unhealthy behaviours. |
| Example of legislation to prevent unsafe/unhealthy behaviours | 1930-1962 Road Traffic Act ammended 3 times - recognised driving under influence unsafe = illegal. 1964 = Accident, Alcohol and Risk Study discovered 80mg Alc per 100ml blood high risk. 1967 Road Safety Act = set of legal drink driving limit |
| What study uses legislation? | Dannenberg |
| What was the aim of Dannenbergs study? | investigate effect of legislation and educational campaigns on use of cycle helmets |
| Method of Dannenbergs study? | Self Report - Survey |
| Sample of Dannenbergs study? | 47 schools in 3 counties in Maryland -Howard = Law & ed -Montgomery = ed -Baltimore - no intervention (control) |
| How did legislation have an effect in Dannenberg's study? | There was a positive impact of legislation, but health promo alone was minimal. Howard = increase 37% Baltimore = 13% Montgomery = 12% Ed didn't really have much diff |
| What is fear arousal? | It helps people recognize and respond to dangerous situations |
| What study relates to fear arousal? | Janis and Feshbach |
| What is the aim Janis and Feshbach's study? | Investigate the consequences on emotions and behaviour of fear appeals |
| What is the method Janis and Feshbach's study? | Lab experiment |
| What is the sample Janis and Feshbach's study? | 14/15 y-o At High School US |
| What conditions were the P's put in? | Independent measures 1. Strong fear appeal - painful consequences of poor dental hygiene 2. moderate fear appeal - little info 3. minimal - neutral info on tooth growth 4. lecture on eye structure |
| What is the procedure Janis and Feshbach's study? | - Questionnarie before on dental practices - 15 min lecture - Questionnaire after on emotional reactions - questionnaire week later - effects of lecture |
| What is the results Janis and Feshbach's study? | -amount of knowledge same all 4 groups -strong fear = too unpleasant - Change = Strong = 8% (defensive avoidance) Minimal = 36% |
| What are some reasons for non-adherence? | - Forgetfulness - Side effects - Complex treatment - Feeling better - misunderstanding instructions |
| Which study investigates adherence? | Bulpitt |
| What is the aim of Bulpitt? | To investigate the adherence in hypertensive patients |
| What method did Bulpitt use? | review article highlighting issues with taking blood pressure tablets to identify physical and psychological effects |
| What did Bulpitt find? | Anti- hypertensive medication has many side effects - sleepiness - dizziness - disturbed cognitive functioning (can effect work + hobbies) 15% withdrew from treatment due to side effects |
| What are some meaures of adherence? | -Self Report - Mechanical Pill Counts - Physiological measures - Therapeutic outcome |
| What study explores measures of adherence? | Lustman |
| What is the aim of Lustman's study? | Effectiveness of fluoxetine in treating depression |
| What size sample did Lustman use? | 60 patients type 1 or 2 diabetes and depression 2 Conditions - Fluoxetine or placebo (double -blind) |
| What were the measures that Lustman used? | - Assessment of depression by psychometric - Assessment of adherence by GHb = glycaemic control |
| What results did Lustman get? | Patients in the fluoxetine group had lower depression and lower GHb ( indicating they adhered) Reduced depression = greater adherence |
| What study looks at improving adherence? | Watt |
| What is the Aim of Watt's study? | If using funhaler improved adherence |
| Method of Watt's study? | Quasi field experiment |
| What was Watt's sample? | 32 Australian Children (Design - repeated measures) |
| What was the procedure for Watt's study? | P's used a normal inhaler for 1 week. Used funhaler in second week. End of each week, parent complete adherence questionnaire |
| What did Watt find? (results) | 38% medicated day previous with funhaler 60% more children took recommended dose with funhaler |
| Who defined dysfunctional behaviour? | Rosenhan & Seligman |
| What do Rosenhan and Seligman say defines dysfunctional/abnormal behaviour? | - Deviation from statistical norms = if you fall outside of the range considered statistically typical. - Deviation from social norms - Failure to function adequately = i.e unpredictable + irrational behaviour, observer discomfort (make other uncomfortable) |
| What two tools can be used in diagnosis? | - ICD 10 (International Classification of Diseases and related health problems) - DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) |
| Characteristics of the ICD 10 | - Revised 9 times -Covers all types of illness (inc psych) - 11 categorie for mental illness containing symptoms |
| Characteristics of DSM 5 | -Created by clinicians for clinicians - exclusively for mental health - approx 380 disorders - Revised 4 times - 3 sections = Instructions, 20 chapters with disorders and diagnostic criteria, tools to enhance diagnosis |
| Which study looks into biases that may occur during diagnosis? | Ford & Widiger |
| What is the aim of Ford and Widiger? | investigate if clinicians stereotype disorders to genders |
| What method did Ford and Widiger use? | Field exp using Self report |
| What was Ford and Widiger's procedure? | Clinicians recieve case study of patient, - male/female/unclassifed - Suffering from symptoms - Anti-social personality disorder/histrionic personality disorder/mixed - |
| What were the IV and DV used by Ford and Widiger? | IV = Gender of the patient DV = Diagnosis made by clinician |
| Sample of clinicians used by Ford and Widiger? | 266 Clinical psychologists actually took part (issue with subject attrition) - randomly selected from register. |
| What results did Ford and Widiger get? | Histrionic Personality disorder was stereotyped to women. So, Females with ASPD = mis-diagnosed 46% with HPD More likely to be diagnosed correctly with HPD if female. F=76% M=44% Gender unclass = borderline Personality disorder |
| What study provides a behavioural explanation for dysfunctional behaviour? | Watson & Raynor |
| What is the aim of Watson and Raynor's study? | investigate the possibility to induce fear of an unfeared object through classical conditioning |
| Method and sample behind Watson and Raynor? | A case study- using only one P, Little Albert |
| Procedure used in Watson and Raynor? | -Test Little Albert's reactions- only fear is loud noise -Create loud noise when with non-feared objects - Classical Conditioned response- associate fear felt from noise to previously unfeared object |
| What study can provide a cognitive insight to explain dysfunctional behaviour? | Beck |
| Describe Beck's ABC model | -Process around cognitive distortions (such as filtering and polarized thinking) A = Activating stimulus B = Belief (about the situation/stimulus = rational or irrational) C = Consequence (rational belief = healthy beh, irrational belief = unhealthy beh) |
| Beck's study- What is the aim? | to understand cognitive distortions in patients with depression |
| What method did Beck use? | Beck used a series of self report methods i.e interviews, reports and diaries in analysis, records of patients verbalisations |
| What results did Beck find? | - Beck discovered many themes throughout depressed patients. i.e. low self esteem, self blame, desire to escape, paranoia, feelings of inferiority etc. - These cognitive distortions were often automatic ( they don't realise they are doing it) and persistent. |
| What study suggests biological explanations for dysfunctional behaviour? | Gottesman and Shields |
| What was the aim of Gottesman and Shield study? | review research on the genetic transmission of Schizophrenia |
| What method did Gottesman and Shield use? | Research analysis - review adoption and twin studies into Schizophrenia 1967 -1976 |
| What procedure did Gottesman and Shields carry out? | Investigated the incidence of Schizophrenia in biological parents and adoptive parents (nature v nurture) and the concordance rate between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. |
| What did Gottesman and Shields discover? | All 3 adoptive studies saw higher incidence of Schizophrenia if biological parent had it. Higher concordance rate of schizophrenia in monzygotic twins. Evidence of a genetic predisposition |
| What study provides insight into a behavioural treatment for dysfunctional behaviour? | McGrath |
| What is the aim of McGrath's study? | to document the successful use of systematic desensitisation for a phobia |
| Method used by McGrath? | Case Study 4 weeks |
| What was the sample in McGrath's study? | 1 - Little girl called Lucy, afraid of noise/balloons |
| What was the procedure used in McGrath's study? | - Taught relaxation + coping techniques - Used a fear scale, 1-10 -Exposure was increased as Lucy grew used to the coping mechanisms and to control her fear |
| What findings did McGrath make? | Throughout the desensitisation, as the exposure grew, Lucy learnt to cope with it, and so her rating on fear scale dropped. |
| What is a study that shows a cognitive treatment for dysfunctional behaviour? | Ross & Scott |
| What was the aim of Ross & Scott's study? | Investigate the effectiveness of group and individual cognitive therapy against drug therapy |
| What method did Ross & Scott use? | Self report -Scales = Beck depression inventory (to assess depression) =interview based on Montgomery Asberg Depression scale |
| What sized sample did Ross & Scott use? | 52 participated (after subject attrition, was 72) |
| What design did Ross & Scott use? | Independent grousp, Randomly allocated to individual therapy, group therapy or 'the waiting list' i.e drug therapy |
| What was the procedure that Ross & Scott used? | Cognitive therapy sessions occurred 12 times per patient. Every 3 months P's clinical and psychometric test were readministered |
| What findings did Ross & Scott make? | - Cognitive therapy had a significant effect, but there was no significant difference between individual and group. - 20 patients were assessed 12 months after therapy = lasting effect- still improved since before therapy. - Any cog therapy is better than drug therapy & it has long term effects |
| What study shows biological treatment for dysfunctional behaviour? | Cole |
| What is the aim of Cole's study? | to assess the effectiveness of Thorazine to treat symptoms of Schizophrenia |
| How large was the sample in Cole's study? | Patients with Schizophrenia admitted to 9 different psychiatric hospitals |
| What procedure did Cole use? | - 2 conditions - Thorazine and placebo - 6 weeks under drug treatment - Doctors/nurse regularly rated prominence of 21 specific symptoms & rated on scale 1-7 to determine how mentally ill they were compared before and after |
| What findings did Cole make? | - 75% taking Thorazine rated as much improved compared to 23% in placebo - after 6 weeks, 16% thorazine = rated normal, 30% bordeline mentally ill. - Thorazine group showed improvements on 13/21 of symptoms |
| What type of feelings is an anxiety disorder characterised by? | fear and anxiety |
| Name an Anxiety disorder. | Phobia |
| What does an affective disorder cause a disturbance in? | mood and emotions |
| Name an affective disorder | Depression |
| What does a psychotic disorder cause? | A detachment from reality |
| Name a psychotic disorder | Schizophrenia |
| What are the two types of depression? | Reactive depression - sparked by stressful event outside ourselves Endogenous depression - arises within a person-independent of external events |
| What are the two types of schizophrenia? | - Chronic onset - the gradual change - Acute onset - symptoms/signs can appear suddenly, often after a stressful event |
| What study can give a behavioural explanation for an affective disorder? | Lewinsohn |
| What is the aim of Lewinsohn's study? | investigate if depression is caused by a lack of positive reinforcment (operant conditioning) |
| What is the sample for Lewinsohn's study? | 30 p's 3 conditions -diagnosed with depression -diagnosed with disorder other than depression -normal controls |
| What procedure did Lewinsohn use? | Over 30 days, P's record mood daily on checklist, rate 320 activities on pleasantness and frequency that they do these activities. = measures of positive reinforcement. |
| What findings did Lewinsohn make? | - Significant positive correlations between mood ratings and pleasant activities. - Involvement in activities correlated with positive mood ratings. |
| Which study can provide a biological explanation for an affective disorder? | McGuffin |
| What was the aim of McGuffin's study? | to investigate the effects of genes and shared family environments in the development of depression. |
| What sample did McGuffin use? | 177 pairs of twins from a register over 40 years |
| What procedure did McGuffin use? | - Diagnosed or co-twins interviewed as current state examination (for major depression), and about living circumstances together as twins |
| What findings did McGuffin make? | Major depression can be attributed to heritable factors. 46% concordance rate in monozygotic twins 20% in dizygotic twins |
| What study an provide a cognitive explanation for an affective disorder? | Seligman |
| What is the aim of Seligamn's study? | Investigate the learned helplessness of depression |
| What was the sample of Seligman's study? | 2 dogs |
| What procedure did Seligman use? | - 2 Conditions (independent groups) 1. Dog rested 2. Dogs kept in an hammock and experienced random inescapable shocks - Both dogs put in a box, seperated with small wall. - On one side grates on floor administer electric shock. |
| What findings did Seligman make? | The dog in condition 1, who had rested, quickly learnt to jump the wall and escape. Dog 2, learnt helplessness and persevered. |
| What is a study that illustrates a behavioural treatment of an affective disorder? | Lewinsohn |
| What is the aim of Lewinsohn's study? | TO evaluate the efficacy of a coping with depression course |
| Sample of Lewinsohn's study? | 59 teens diagnosed with depression Recruited by letters and announcements at schools (after 10 left- subject attrition) |
| What were the conditions? | 1. Only the adolescent attended 2. Adolescent and parent attended a parent class 3. on a 'waiting list' |
| Procedure of Lewinsohn? | - Therapists controlled = manual - 14 x 2 hour treatments over 7 weeks - skills training i.e relaxation methods (phys), Control irrational thought (cog), increase social skills. - Parents taught how to reinforce |
| Findings made by Lewinsohn? | 1. teens = 57% met criteria for dep 2. teens + parents = 52% met criteria for dep 3. control = 94.7% met criteria for dep |
| What study shows biological treatments for an affective disorder? | Murlow |
| What is the aim of Murlow? | effectiveness of anti-depressants |
| What is the sample in Murlow's study? | 5,940 patients with depression |
| What procedure did Murlow use? | Literature reviewed 1/32 new anti-depressants with either another new one, and older one or a placebo. |
| What results did Murlow discover? | - 63% of those on newer drugs saw at least a 50% bigger improvement - 35% on placebo saw 50% or bigger improvement. - No sig diff between those on newer or older drugs |
| What study shows a cognitive treatment for an affective disorder? | Wright |
| What is the aim of Wright's study? | To investigate the effectiveness of of computer assisted CBT against standard CBT for Major depression |
| What is the sample of Wright's study? | 45 P's with major depressive disorder |
| Method used by Wright? | Quasi Experiment |
| What was the procedure of Wright's study? | - 9 sessions over 8 weeks - Never had CBT - Assessed by trained blind raters before therapy, after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and again 3 and 6 months after treatment. |
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