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| Frage | Antworten |
| Unit 1: Believing in God | Keywords and more |
| Conversion | When your life is changed by giving yourself to God |
| Miracle | something which seems to break a law of science |
| Numinous | the feeling of a prescence of something greater than you |
| Prayer | an attempt to contact God, usually through words |
| Agosticism | not being sure whether God exists |
| Atheism | believing that God does not exist |
| Free will | the idea that human beings are free to make their own decisions |
| Moral evil | actions done by humans which cause suffering |
| Omni-benevolent | the belief that God is all-good |
| Omni-potent | the belief that God is all-powerful |
| Omniscient | the belief that God knows everything that has happened and what is going to happen |
| Catholic upbringing | 7 key aspects: -baptised -goes to mass -taught to say prayer -celebrate catholic festivals -set a good example -taught in catholic school -taught the sacraments |
| Religious experience: Numinous | -feeling of awe and wonder -overwhelmed by nature -feeling of something greater than you |
| Religious experience: Prayer | -most important and person way to contact God -strengthens belief in God -living relationship -if prayer is from the heart- God listens |
| Religious experience: Conversion | -often after experiencing awe -undergoes religious conversion -Atheism->Agnosticism->Theism -committing yourself to a particular religion |
| Religious experience: Miracle | -paranormal happenings -evidence: Jesus' resurrection -experiencing a miracle my make someone believe God exists |
| What is the argument from design? | Aquinas argued that the universe is too organised to be an accident, and that there is a designer at work. William Payley also argued for the existence of God from the starting point of design. |
| Problems: -God might have not been the designer -Why make a world where people suffer? -Science explains the design of the world better | -The designer doesn't have to be God -Catholics argued that God started the process of evolution knowing that the world would develop from it |
| Causation: Is the process where one thing causes another (cause and effect). Nothing happens by chance- everything has a reason or cause | People's faith will be strengthened by this theory if it seem to them to be proof that God exists. |
| 1. The universe cannot have happened by itself. 2. A very powerful force must have caused it. 3. The cause must have been God. 4. This means that God exists. | Disagreement: - Why should the cause stop at God? - The matter of the universe is eternal and the process is forever. - God does not have to be the first cause |
| Science and non-belief in God -Big Band theory is a complex theory. - 15 billion years ago an explosion happened The theory of evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin. He argued that living things descended from common ancestors. | Main evidence for the Big Band is the Red Shift Effect, where the red shift is light from other galaxies. Evidence for the theory of evolution is the fossil record and similarities between life forms. |
| Unanswered prayers: -An attempt to contact God -An unanswered prayer is when somebody prays to God and they think nothing has happened. | -If their prayer is unanswered, they may feel that God does not exist. -Atheists argue that if God is omnipotent, omni-benevolent and omniscient surely he would answer all prayers. -Unanswered prayer-> agnostic or atheist. |
| Christian response: | God sometimes says 'no' or 'not now'. Some prayers are selfish or not what is best for them. God does answer all prayers but often not in the way that we expect. |
| Evil and suffering and the non belief in God -MORAL EVIL: caused by humans -NATURAL EVIL: caused by natural disasters | >When people are suffering, they may think that God does not exist. >God that allows humans to cause so much evil and suffering could stop it whenever he wanted to. |
| God's omnipotence- has the power to remove evil God's omni-benevolence- wants to remove evil | IF God exists there should be no evil. Either God is not omnipotent or omni-benevolent or God does not exist. |
| Christian responses to evil: | Response 1: -1st thing to do is pray. -It is a good opportunity to provide service (appeals) -The New Testament teaches Christians that Jesus regarded evil as something to be fought against. |
| Response 2: -Many believe that evil and suffering are not God's fault. - Genesis states that God created humans in his image, with free will. - So evil and suffering are a problem caused by humans. | Response 3: - Most Catholics claim that this life is a preparation for paradise. - Improving your soul-> need to face evil in order to become good. - Evil and suffering in this life is something that God cannot remove. - God will reward us in heavan. |
| Unit 2: Matters of Life and Death | Keywords and more |
| Immortality of the soul | the idea that the soul lives on after the body |
| Resurrection | the belief that after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world, when it is raised |
| Near-death experience | when someone about to die has an out-of-body experience |
| Paranormal | unexplained things which are thought to have spiritual causes, for example, ghosts and mediums |
| Reincarnation | the belief that, after death, souls are reborn in a new body |
| Abortion | the removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive |
| Sanctity of life | the belief that life is holy and belongs to God |
| Assisted suicide | providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide |
| Euthanasia | the painless killing of someone with an incurable disease |
| Non-voluntary euthanasia | ending someone's life painlessly when they are unable to ask, but you have good reason for thinking they would want you to do so |
| Quality of life | the idea that life must have some benefits for it to be worth living |
| Voluntary euthanasia | ending someone's life painlessly when someone in great pain asks for death |
| Parable of the sheep and goat is a reminder that the way people live in this life determines where they will spend eternity. | St Paul taught that those people who believe in Jesus and the resurrection must believe that they can also look forward to an adventure. |
| Catholic Christians believe: -Good are rewarded and the evil punished -Belief in an afterlife gives lives meaning and purpose. -There is life everlasting stated in the creed. | -In the immortality of the soul- soul lives on after the death of he body -Soul of a Christian who has not sinned since confession- goes to heavan. -Creed teaches that Jesus will come back and raise the dead and all the souls will be reunited with their bodies. |
| Near death experience | Seeing a tunnel or in patients who have been pronounced dead for a small time. Convinces them there is an afterlife. Feelings of peace and joy; feelings of floating above the body |
| Presence of a spirit world | Mediums claim that they can contact the dead. Claims to have a gift of communicating between the material world and the spirit world. Ghosts and ouija boards give evidence but clearest is mediums. |
| Reincarnation | Belief that a persons soul is reborn into another body when it dies. |
| Christian views on abortion | Ten commandments teach that its wrong to take a life. Foetus feels pain and has awareness. Life begins at conception. Life is holy. Baby has the 'right to live' Doctorine of double effect- save mother then baby |
| Women who have abortions suffer from traumas which lead to guilt complexes. | The life organisation can help mothers and give them an alternative. |
| Other Christian views | Abortion is permitted if: -the mothers been raped. -the mothers life is at risk -social reasons like poverty -the foetus is handicapped and would have no quality of life |
| Jesus told Christians to love their neighbour as themselves, and abortion may be the most loving thing to do. | Liberal views of abortion |
| It is not a life. It is the women's body (she has the right to do whatever). If abortions were made illegal , women would still have them. Prevents backstreet abortions. Enables equal opportunities in career. | Stops children's homes being overcrowded. Saves money as children with disabilities cost the NHS a lot of money. |
| Methodists | All abortions should become unnecessary- but termination earlier, lessens the evil. |
| Against euthanasia | No person should value themselves as worthless. Against the catechism. People may change their view on euthanasia. It is taking away a life. |
| Not possible to assess if the person is of sound mind. Doubt as to whether it is what the person wants. God created humans in his image. Ill or elderly might be forced. Patient-doctor relationship changes. | Hospices can provide full and adequate care. |
| For euthanasia | A person should be allowed to make their own decisions about their life. Basic human right: to have control about the end of your life. Stops families having to watch people die slowly. Saves on medical costs. |
| Medicines keep people alive but with poor quality of life. Allows a person to die with dignity. | Roman Catholic Church will allow various pain relievers to ease suffering. Intention to relieve pain not shorten life. |
| Hospices | - provides spiritual care - non dominational in who they accept/take care of - Reinforces community cohesion. - Do not regard the fact that the person will die. - They see life as important -Hospices is an alternative to euthanasia |
| A hospice is there to help, not intrude. Other concern of a hospice is the relative or carer who will be left behind. The loss of a loved one is very painful, and there can be practical problems. | Bereavement experts are on hand to give their support if required. All provided at no cost. They add quality and dignity to the lives of those who visit, ensuring that, if required, the remainder of the journey is not undertaken alone. |
| Why a country suffers from poverty? | War Debt Corrupt governments HIV Natural Disasters Dirty water |
| LEDC: -frequently suffer from famine -suffer from natural disasters that destroy their fragile economies. -have low life expectancy -have poor quality of life and need the support of richer countries to help them. | MEDC: -have enough and surplus food -do not experience as many natural disasters -have high life expectancy -have high quality of life and are often owed money in debt repayments from LEDCs. |
| Poverty attacks human rights. Civil rights- require to have access to food/water and medical help. | Disagreements: We did not start the war in that country. Not our fault if the dictator/government is corrupt. |
| CAFOD- Catholic Agency For Overseas Development | Believes that all human beings have a right to dignity and respect, and the world's resources are a gift to be shared equally by all men and women whatever race, nationality etc. |
| CAFOD works with more than 500 partners both overseas and in the UK. Main ways that they do this is by: | Finding a voice for those who are unable to speak for themselves. Education- poverty is about the lack of access to information and education. Emergency Aid- provides short term aid for people who are caught in disasters. Long term aid- provides support to help people work themselves out of poverty. |
| What CAFOD does overseas? | Do practical work. Put pumps, builds better houses Insures there is a healthcare visitor. Sex education. Inform of HIVs and AIDs Schools- provides teachers |
| Unit 3: Marriage and family | Keywords and more |
| Civil Partnership | a legal ceremony giving a homosexual couple the same legal rights as a husband and wife |
| Cohabitation | living together without being married |
| Homosexuality | sexual attraction to the same sex |
| Nuclear family | mother, father and children living as a unit |
| Re-constituted family | where two sets of children (stepbrothers and stepsisters) become one family when their divorced parents marry each other. |
| Re-marriage | marrying again after being divorced |
| Adultery | a sexual act between a married person and someone other than their marriage partner |
| Pre-marital sex | sex before marriage |
| Procreation | making a new life |
| Promiscuity | having sex with a number of partners without commitment. |
| Faithfulness | staying with your marriage partner and having sex only with them. |
| Marriage in the past: - happened at the age of 25 - no sexual relationship prior to | Marriage now: -very normal to have pre marital sex -men marry around 32, women around 30 -normal to cohabit rather than marry -minority take place in the church |
| Divorce in the past: -caused tension in family/friends - told to work it out and stay together | Divorce now: - normal aspect of life now -people not judged or looked down upon |
| Family in the past: -no children before marriage -baby should be born in wedlock -stay together and have children | Family now: -retired grandparents used as nannies -single parent families more common -more children brought up by cohabiting parents |
| Homosexuality in the past: -not accepted at all -have to hide it and marry to keep the pretence -homosexual acts were illegal, arrested and put into prison if caught. | Homosexuality now: -1967- legal to have homosexual sex in private -Civil Partnership Act of 2004- makes the same rights and treatment the same as opposite sex couples. |
| Changing attitudes towards marriage: | -More pre marital sex result of effective contraception -Church lost its influence -Cohabitation is desirable to test a relationship out -Men and women treated equally |
| Changing attitudes towards divorce: | -Divorce allowed in 1969 -Cheaper to divorce -Changing expectation of marriage -Women no longer have to accept unequal treatment -Less stigma attached |
| Changing attitudes towards family life: | -Children born out of wedlock are normal -Extended family is becoming more popular -Increased number of single parent families |
| Changing attitudes towards homosexuality: | -More people chose not to hide -More celebrities openly gay -Enables to be more aware and acceptable -Greater acceptance towards them |
| Why Roman Catholics are against sex outside of marriage? | -Sexual intercourse is a gift -Church's teachings and catechism state its wrong -Sex is for procreation -Abusing the gift of sex -Your body doesn't belong to you but to God -Adultery is wrong and it breaks the wedding vows |
| Other Christian views about sex outside of marriage: | -It is a step on the way to marriage, shows love by attitude -Jesus taught that love is important -Church should update its teachings -The Bible cannot apply to our modern society. |
| Purpose of marriage: | Permanent: marriage will last forever 'till death do us part' Sacrament: brings believers closer to God, God's blessing on the relationship Life-giving: have children and help each other to grow in love Exclusive: marriage between the couple only |
| Features of a roman catholic marriage ceremony: 1. Greeting- priest meets the couple and the congregation 2. Homily and readings- readings take place, about nature of marriage and importance of love | 3. Questions- couple asked 3 questions to make sure that they keep the marriage permanent, exclusive and faithful. 4. Vows- actual moment of the sacrament 5. Acceptance and consent- accepts the consent of the couple |
| 6. Rings- rings are blessed by the priest. 'Take this ring as a sign of my love and fidelity' 7. Blessing- ceremony ends, God makes the marriage permanent, exclusive and life-giving 8. Signing of the register- purely a legal requirement. | 8 stages |
| Roman Catholic attitude to divorce: (In all circumstances divorce is wrong) | Couples make a promise in the marriage ceremony. Should be kept. Still married in the eyes of God, sacrament cannot be broken. Won't allow re-marriage. Will grant am annulment, it was never a 'real' marriage. |
| Some protestant church views towards divorce: (Permits divorce and will also allow divorced people to re-marry) | Forgiveness is one of the most important things. If they have made a mistake, should be granted forgiveness for that mistake. Should be allowed to re-marry within the church. |
| Catholic teachings on family: -children told to respect their parents -parents are encouraged to follow Paul's teachings. -educated and brought up in a catholic religion -parents expected to have children baptised, go to mass on Sunday, receive communion, go to catholic school and be confirmed. | Why is family life important? -Only place where children should be brought up. -Children learn right from wrong. -without the family there would be more evil -its very important for Christianity continuing and growing. |
| Christian family is greater than any human family. | Catholic children expected to care for their parents when they are no longer capable of doing so themselves. |
| Catholic attitudes towards homosexuality: | Being homosexual is not a sin, but having homosexual acts is. Homosexual people should remain celibate. Condemns all forms of homophobia. Sinful to harass homosexuals or attack their behaviour. |
| Evangelical protestants attitudes towards homosexuality: | Homosexual thoughts and acts are wrong and they should pray to God to become heterosexual. Purpose of sex is to procreate, and they cannot have a children this way. Homosexuality is not good for society, sinful to harass homosexuals or attack their behaviour. |
| Liberal protestant views towards homosexuality: | Homosexual thoughts and acts are not wrong providing they occur within a stable relationship. Religion is a spiritual issue not a sexual one. |
| Natural contraception: Natural family planning (NFP) planning sex around most infertile times during cycle. Artificial contraception: The pill, coil (IUD) and the morning after pill. Equivalent to an abortion in catholics eyes. | Roman Catholic beliefs about contraception: -using artificial is wrong -every sexual act should allow for conception -contraception has encouraged promiscuity -purpose of marriage is to procreate -some contraceptives have abortifacient effects |
| The C of E and more liberal christians: -essence of christianity is love -reducing the size of families gives children a better standard of living -God created sex for pleasure -it is better to combat HIV/AIDs by using condoms than following christian rules | Media question: Film- Cheaper by the dozen not realistic no arguing- scripted |
| Unit 4: Religion and community cohesion | Keywords and more |
| Sexism | discrimination against people because of their gender |
| Discromination | treating people less favourably because of their ethnicity/gender/colour/sexuality/age/class. |
| Multi-ethnic society | many different races and cultures living together in society |
| Prejudice | believing some people are inferior or superior without even knowing them |
| Racism | the belief that some races are superior to others |
| Community cohesion | a common vision and shared sense of belonging for all groups in society |
| Multi-faith society | many different religions living together in one society |
| Racial harmony | different races/colours living together happily |
| Religious freedom | the right to practise your religion and change your religion |
| Religious pluralism | accepting all religions as having an equal right to co-exist |
| Interfaith marriages | marriage where the husband and wife are from different religions |
| Changing attitudes to gender roles in UK: 1897- Millicent Fawcett founded the National Union of Women's Suffrage to gain the vote and increased equality for women. Suffrage means the right to vote. | 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Suffragettes, women were prepared to use any method to secure votes for women. In 1913, the suffragettes had their first 'martyr' a women had thrown herself on the king's horse and later died due to her injuries. |
| WW2: gave women personal and financial freedom. Feminist movement in the 1960s began to challenge the stereotyped image of women | Womens right today: Equal Pay Act 1970- women are to be paid the same Sex Discrimination Act 1975- illegal to suggest a job is for a man/women only. Employment Protection Act 1996- illegal to dismiss a women from work because she is pregnant |
| Jesus regarded women with great respect, in the society (then) women had a second-class role; their husbands owned them. Several incidents in the Bible, Jesus showed that he believed that women and men are equal. | However some believers think that because Adam was created first, and that Eve was the one that made him sin, women should be inferior and are troublesome to men. |
| Catholic view on women: -men and women should have equal roles in life and society. -only men can be priests because the apostles were all men. -priest represents Jesus in the mass | Traditional protestant view: -women had separate roles to men and so cannot have the same rights in religion -role of women to bring up children and run a christian home -women must not speak in church and must submit to their husbands |
| Modern Protestant view on women: -men and women should have equal rights -male and female created at the same time -Jesus treated women as his equals -women can now become priests | Next card |
| Living in a multi-ethnic society helps to break down stereotypes and unite people with similarities together as human beings. Racism is a type of prejudice, causes major problems because of the discrimination it leads to. | Racism can create tension, violence and division in a community. Prevents people from playing an active role in society. |
| Problems caused by discrimination and racism | Due to someone's background or colour: -Some employers will not employ a person -Landlords are likely to refuse an offer -Teachers may discriminate against pupils and cause them to fail. -Police Officers may enforce 'stop and searches' |
| Effects of discrimination and racism: | People begin to feel alienated and so work against society. Turn to crime as they feel that they can't get well-paid jobs. Turn to extremist groups- no chance of survival in a prejudiced British society Rise of groups such as BNP, which stir up hatred of religious ethnic groups. |
| Government action to promote racial harmony: | Race Relations Act 1976- illegal to discriminate any person Racial and Religious Hatred Act- it is an offence to use threatening words intended to incite groups of people defined by religious beliefs. |
| Crime and Disorder Act- allows higher maximum penalty if there is evidence of racial or religious motivation or hostility. The Education and Inspections Act 2006- promotes community cohesion within school. | Why community cohesion is important? -People can share each other vision- increases tolerance -Lack of can lead to violence -Lack of can lead to different communities leading separate lives. |
| Catholic means universal and worldwide Catholic church uses Jesus's example of being brought up in a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society. | The Good Samaritan- Jesus makes it clear that his followers should make no distinction between people who have different religions. Those who refuse love to others, cannot be a part of God's kingdom. |
| Crucifixion of Jesus- Simon of Cyrene who helped Jesus carry his cross was a black african. St Paul- taught that everyone is equal in Christ and there can be no divisions between races. | The Church- there are many cardinals and bishops of every race and colour of skin, as the church is dedicated to fighting racism. Christian Groups such as the CARJ promote racial harmony in the UK and in the church. |
| How does the church respond to asylum seekers: -fundamental christian belief that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God -God is a God of Justice -wants his followers to behave justly and seek justice for everyone | -Christians should follow the golden rule: ''Do onto others as you would want them to do onto you.'' -Teaching of Jesus for example in the Good Samaritan and in the parable of sheep and goats |
| How does the church help asylum seekers? -EDUCATION- educate people generally on the problems immigrants face in the UK -PRAYER- prays for those who are prosecuted or forced to leave -PRACTICAL HELP-SVP offers advice, support and how to get low cost housing and furniture | Some parishes offer assistance with reading and language problems. |
| UK as a multi-faith society: -growth of significant communities of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in the UK. | Benefits of a multi-faith society: -increases tolerance, and helps build community cohesion -deeper understanding of cultures -people gain knowledge of another person's faith -helps people to share shared religious ideas -strengthens peoples faith |
| Problems arising with multi-faith society: -Interfaith marriages- parents want their children to marry in their own faith, as well who will decide what religion the child is when it is born? | -Conversion- Traditional Protestant feel that it is their duty to convert everyone to Christianity. All other religions are wrong, and that only Christianity holds the answers.This can be viewed as discrimination, as they appear to be saying that their religion is superior to others. |
| Upbringing of children- living in a multi-faith society means that if someone has a child they want that child to be brought up surrounded by the faith of their parents, including learning the prayers, going to special faith schools and encouraging the rules of the faith on them. | Roman Catholic view on other religions: -only christianity has the full answer -everyone has the right to follow or not follow any religion -people can come to God in their own way -Christianity reveals the whole truth about God. |
| INCLUSIVISM: Christianity has the whole truth whereas other religions have 'part of the truth'. | EXCLUSIVISM: Only those who believe in Jesus will be saved. |
| The Exclusivist view: -there is only one way to God- via Jesus -have a duty and responsibility to convert everyone to Christianity | The Pluralist view: -not fair to try to convert someone -feel that all main religions have produced good and bad people -'In my father's house there are many rooms' -they believe that this means there is room in heaven for different religions |
| How religious work promotes community cohesion: -Celebrating festivals: however some people may be offended by the typical Christian Christmas decorations. -Community cohesion in schools:Faith Schools- faith should be evident in all aspect of the curriculum | -Helping interfaith marriages: couples that had a mixed faith marriage can help the ones having one soon to create a special wedding ceremony -Mixed faith children: Encourage parents to bring up their child in both faiths, so that when they are an adult they can pick which one they want to follow |
| The End. | ;D |
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