BIOLOGY

Frage	Antworten
DNA	DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
GENES	GENES CARRY OUT THE INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL HOW AN ORGANISM DEVELOPS.
PROTEINS IN GENES	PROTEINS CAN BE: 1) FUNCTIONAL E.G. ENZYMES 2)STRUCTURAL E.G. COLLAGEN
GENES ARE FOUND IN...	THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL. THEY ARE SECTIONS OF THE DNA MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP CHROMOSOMES.
HUMAN CHARACTERISITCS ARE DETERMINED BY?	1) GENES, E.G. DIMPLES 2) THE ENVIRONMENT, E.G. SCARS 3)OR BY A COMBINATION OF BOTH, E.G. BODY WEIGHT. MANY CHARACTERISITCS ARE CONTROLLED BY SEVERAL GENES WORKING TOGETHER.
SEX DETERMINATION	1)IN HUMAN FEMALES THE CHROMOSOMES ARE XX 2)IN HUMAN MALES THE SEX CHROMOSOMES ARE XY
SEX DETERMINATION 2	THE Y CHROMOSOME HAS THE SEX DETERMING GENE, WHICH CAUSES TESTES TO DEVELOP WITHOUT THIS(I.E. IN FEMALES) OVARIS DEVELOP.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION	CAUSES VARIAITON AS THE OFFSPRING HAS GENES FROM BOTH PARENTS. OFFSPRING ARE SIMILAR TO PARENTS BECAUSE OF GENES INHERITED FROM THEM. SIBLINGS DIFFER BECAUSE THEY INHERIT DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF GENES.
WHAT IS A GENOTYPE?	THE GENOTYPE IS THE GENETIC MAKE UP OF AN ORGANISM.
WHAT IS A PHENOTYPE?	THE FEATURES OF AN ORGANISM
NAME 2 GENETIC DIAGRAMS?	PUNNETT SQUARES AND FAMILY TREES. THEY ARE USED TO SHOW GENTIC CROSSES
NAME 2 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ALLELS	1)HOMOZYGOUS WHEN TWO ALLELS ARE THE SAME FOR A CHARACTERISITCS 2)HETEROZYGOUS WHEN TWO ALLELS ARE DIFFERENT FOR A CHARACTERISITC
ARE ALLELES DOMINANT, RECESSIVE OR BOTH?	BOTH ALLELES CAN BE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE. WITH ONE OR TWO DOMINANT ALLELES, THE INDIVIDUAL SHOWS THE CHARACTERISTICS. THE RECESSIVE CHARACTERISTIC IS SEEN ONLY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TWO RECESSIVE ALLELES
DO BODY CELLS HAVE PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES?	BODY CELLS HAVE PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
DO SEX CELLS HAVE ONE OR TWO PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES FROM EACH PAIR?	SEX CELLS HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME FROM EACH PAIR.
DO CHRMOSOMES HAVE GENES IN THE SAME PLACE ON EACH CHROMOSOME OF THE PAIR?	CHROMOSOMES HAVE THE SAME TYPE OF GENES IN THE SAME PLACE ON EACH ON EACH CHROMOSOME OF A PAIR
WHAT IS A PUNNETT SQUARE?	The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
WHAT CAN A PUNNETT SQUARE AND A FAMILY TREE DO TO HELP LOOK FOR GENETIC DISEASES?	A PUNNET SQUARE OR FAMILY TREE CAN SHOW THE THE RISK OF INHERITING A DISORDER/ BEING A CARRIER
NAME 3 IMPLICATIONS OF TESTING FOR GENETIC DISEASES	1)TESTS CARRY RISK OF MISCARRIAGE 2)RISKS NOT 100% RELIABLE 3) DECISION AS TO WHETHER TO HAVE A CHILD OR ABORT A PREGNANCY 4)SHOULD BE AN EMPLOYER, THE FAMILY OR INSURANCE COMPANY BE TOLD?
SINGLE GENE DISORDERS ARE CAUSED HOW?	BY FAULTY ALLELES OF A GENE.
CAN THE FAULTY GENE BE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE?	BOTH, THE FAULTY GENE CAN BE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE
IF A SINGLE RECESSIVE GENE IS PASSED ON WILL THE OFFSPRING HAVE THE DISORDER OR BE A CARRIER?	THE OFFSPRING WILL BE A CARRIER AND NOT HAVE THE DISORDER
WHEN IS GENETIC TESTING CARRIED OUT?	WHEN A GENETIC DISEASE RUNS IN THE FAMILY
WHEN IS GENETIC SCREENING CARRIED OUT ON A LARGE SCALE?	ON NEWBORNS, WHERE THERE IS NO HISTORY OF A DISEASE
WHAT PRODUCES EMBYOS?	EMBRYOS ARE PRODUCED BY IVF AND CAN BE SCREENED BEFORE THE IMPLANTATION (PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS-PGD) PGD AND EMBRYO RESEARCH ARE CAREFULLY MONITORED IN THE UK.
HOW ARE ARTIFICIAL CLONES PRODUCED?	ARTIFICIAL CLONES CAN BE PRODUCED WHEN A NUCLEUS FROM A BODY CELL IS TRANSFERRED TO AN UNFERTILIASED EGG
NATURAL CLONES ARE...	INDIVIDUALS WITH IDENTICAL GENES, SO ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS MUST BE DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
WHAT ARE VACCINES?	THEY PREVENT EPIDEMICS, A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION MUST BE VACCINATED.
NAME 2 INFECTIOUS DIEASES	BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
DAMAGE TO CELLS DURING AN INFECTION IS BECAUSE	TOXINS PRODUCED BY THE MICROORAGNISMS
MICROORAGNISMS REPRODUCE VERY RAPIDLY IN THE BODY TO PRODUCE?	VERY LARGE NUMBERS
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELL THAT:	1)DESTROY MICROORAGANISMS BY ENGULFING AND DIGESTING THEM 2) PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS ON THEIR SURFACE
WHAT DOES EVERY ANTIGEN HAVE?	A CORRESPONDING ANTIBODY THAT RECOGNISES IT.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER AN INJECTION	MEMORY CELLS REMAIN IN THE BODY SO THAT ANTIBODIES CAN BE PRODUCED VERY QUICKLY. THE PERSON NOW HAS IMMUNITY TO THE MICROORGANISM.
DRUG AND VACCINE TRIALS ENSURE?	SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS. THE TRIALS FIRST INVOLVE ANIMALS AND HUMAN CELLS. LATER HUMAN TRIALS INVOLVE HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND PEOPLE WITH THE ILLNESS. CONTROL GROUPS USE AN EXISTING DRUG OR A PLACEBO. THE USE OF PLACEBOS RAISES ETHICAL ISSUES
TRIALS CAN BE:	1)OPEN LABLE(NEW DRUG IS KNOWN BY RESEARCHERS AND PATIENT) 2)'BLIND'(THE PATIENTS DO NOT KNOW WHO IS RECEIVING THE NEW DRUG) 3)'DOUBLE BLIND'(NEITHER PATIENT NOR RESEARCHER KNOWS WHO IS GIVEN THE NEW DRUG)
WHAT ARE ANTIMICROBIALS?	1)KILLNOR INHABIT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA, FUNGI AND VIRUSES 2)INCLUDE ANTIBODIES, WHICH ARE USED TO KILL BACTERIA (ONLY). OVERTIME, BACTERIA AND FUNGI CAN DEVELOP RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIALS .
THE HEART IS PART OF A ...	CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IT IS A DOUBLE PUMP(LEFT SIDE TO BODY, RIGHT SIDE TO LUNGS) AND HAS ITS OWN BLOOD SUPPLY.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE ARTERIES?	CAPPILLARIS AND VEINS IS REALTED TO THEIR FUNCTIONS.
HOW ARE HEART ATTACKS CAUSED?	BY TOO MUCH FATTY DEPOSITS BLOCKING THE BLOOD TO THE BLOOD SUPLY TO THE HEART

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