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Erstellt von ashiana121
vor mehr als 9 Jahre
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Frage | Antworten |
What is educational policy? | Government strategies for education, introduced through legal changes and instructions to schools |
Until what century was education only provided by churches and private schools? | 19th Century |
However, what did industrialisation create the need for and what did this lead to? | An educated workforce - this lead to the development of compulsory, state run education |
Miriam Davis identifies three phases of the development of state education in the UK. When was the first phase? | 1870-1944 |
In this first phase, what did the middle class receive and what did the working class receive? | Middle class - academic education Working class - elementary education |
Why was this? | To prepare the middle class for professional careers, and to prepare working class for basic manual work |
Which class left school early? | The working class |
When was phase 2? | 1944-1988 |
Until 1965, what name was given to this system? | The tripartite system |
Which exam did the tripartite system include? | The 11+ |
What were the three secondary schools that pupils would be allocated to based on their results from the 11+? | Grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical colleges |
In practice, what did this do? | Channelled working class pupils into secondary moderns and non-academic education and channelled middle class pupils into grammar schools |
What name was given to the system from 1965? | The comprehensive system |
What did this do? | Replaced most grammar and secondary modern schools with comprehensive schools |
Why was this different? | All pupils - middle and working class - attended comprehensive schools |
How did the comprehensive system still reproduce inequalities? | Most schools streamed their pupils - working class pupils disproportionately placed in lower streams |
Which government set up the Education Reform Act and in what year? | Conservative government set up the ERA in 1988 |
What was at the core of the education reform act? | Marketisation |
What have marketisation policies since 1988 introduced and what have they reduced? | Introduced and education market, competition and parental choice Reduced state control over education |
Who's argument was this based on? | New Right |
What is this argument? | Competition forces schools to improve in order to attract 'customers' and therefore this raises standard |
Was does David call this? | Parentocracy |
Give 6 examples of marketisation policies | Ofsted reports Formula funding Open enrolment Exam league tables Business sponsorship Specialist schools |
Who argues that marketisation reproduces inequality? | Ball and Whitty |
How do they argue marketisation reproduces inequality? | Publication of league tables means schools with good results are more in demand with parents, so these schools can be more selective with who they enroll |
Who do Ball and Whitty argue these schools select? | High achieving pupils - who are more likely to be middle class (and female) |
What is formula funding? | Schools are funded according to the numbers they attract |
How does this create inequality? | Popular schools (the ones with good results) will receive more money and can afford to hire better qualified teachers and more resources |
What does this lead to? | These schools attracting high achieving pupils and so leading to even better results |
Who benefits from this process? | The middle class |
Ball also argues that marketisation also ____________ inequality | Legitimates |
How does Ball argue this is the case? | Parentocracy puts a child achievement in the hands of the parent - therefore any differences in achievement are seen as the parents fault rather than the schools fault for being unfair |
Who argues that in reality, middle class parents have more economic and cultural capital and therefore more choice? (give an example of how this benefits them) | Gerwitz and others. Middle class parents are able to move into a catchment area of a better school |
What did the New Labour governments after 1997 increase? | Spending on education |
What were the two aims of the New Labour government from 1997? | Promoting diversity and choice, reducing inequality of opportunity |
How did New Labour promote diversity choice and by what policies? | By maintaining the education market. Policies included competition between schools, creating specialist schools and setting up academies |
What policies did New Labour introduce that aimed to reduce inequality of opportunity in the education system? | Educational Maintenance Allowances, Education Action Zones and Aim Higher |
Why do people criticise New Labour policies for being contradictory? | EMAs helped poorer pupils stay on post-16, but then tuition fee's were introduced |
What education system have New Labour left untouched? | The private education system |
What do some critics argue 'choice' and 'diversity' are just nice words for and why? | 'Inequality' - the education market ensures that working class pupils remain disadvantaged |
What have been genuine achievements of New Labour educational policies? | More education spending and focus on a 'learning society' |
Evidence that academies have raise standards is ______ | Mixed |
How many stages have policies relating to ethnicity gone through? | 3 |
When was the first stage and what was the aim? | Through the 60's and 70's - the aim was to encourage assimilation |
What is assimilation? | The process by which people of a group acquire the social characteristics (ie culture) of another group |
Give an example of a program through which assimilation was performed? | English as a Second Language programmes |
In what years was the second phase of ethnic related policies? | Through the 80's and 90's |
What did the aim switch to in the second phase? | Valuing all cultures through multicultural education polices - such as Black Studies in the mainstream curriculum |
The third stage is more recent. What has the focus been? | Social inclusion |
What does this mean? | The legal duty of schools to promote racial equality |
Who argues that even the more recent policies are too limited in scope? | Mirza |
Give some examples of policies aimed at giving girls and boys equal opportunities | GIST & WISE - encouraging girls into science and technolgy The National Curriculum (1988) - boys and girls largely study the same subjects |
What do policies like this result in? | Meritocracy |
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