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| Frage | Antworten |
| What were the events leading up to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II? | -German port of Kiel the sailors mutinied. -End of October 1918, refused to fight the British navy. -Marched to Berlin to demand abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. -Kaiser abdicated. |
| What was the date of the Kaiser's abdication? | 9th November 1918. |
| Who was Friedrich Ebert? | After the abdication of the Kaiser, he stepped in as the acting chancellor of Germany and chairman of SPD. |
| What were the events AFTER the abdication of the Kaiser? | -Friedrich Ebert set up Council of People's Representatives. -In the temporary government, Ebert was elected President. -11th November - Armistice with Allies. |
| What was the name of the treaty signed with the Allies? | The Treaty of Versailles. |
| What were the 5 terms of the Treaty of Versailles? | Rich Woman Make Terrible Windows: R - Reparations. W - War guilt. M - Military restrictions. T - Territorial changes. W - Weapon limitations. |
| What was the 'Stab in the back' theory? | -The common belief that the army was on the verge of winning the war, but were betrayed. -The betrayers (politicians) were called the 'November Criminals'. -All of this meant the Republic was DOOMED from the start. |
| What 4 problems did the Treaty of Versailles caused for the Weimar Republic? | -Crisis of the Ruhr. -Growth of Nationalism. -Weakened Reichstag. -The Kapp Putsch. |
| Give 2 strengths of the Weimar Republic. | -Most democratic country in the world (everybody over 20 had the vote). -State governments were continued = state traditions maintained. |
| Give 3 'in the middle' opinions about the Weimar Republic. | -PR meant all parties had FAIR share of Reichstag seats. --This often led to short-lived, coalition governments. -Article 48: President could protect Germany in a time of emergency. --This could be ABUSED: didn't define an emergency. |
| Give 4 weakness of the Weimar Republic. | -Free speech gave opposition groups freedom to attack new government. -NO changes to army or judiciary. -Voting system = issue carrying out unpopular policies. -President had power to appoint or dismiss Chancellor. |
| When was the Spartacist Uprising? | 5th January 1919. |
| What was the 'Spartacist League' and who were its leaders? | -The German Communist Party inspired by the Russian Revolution. -Led by Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Libknecht. |
| What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (5th January)? | -Spartacists took over government's newspaper and telegraph bureau. -Tried to organize a general strike in Berlin. -Badly organized. -Received LITTLE support from the people of Berlin. |
| What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (6th January)? | -Ebert created volunteer force of 4,000 ex-soldiers, with help of army leaders. -Group called FREIKORPS. -They consisted of HARD men who liked to fight and HATED communism. |
| What were the events during the Spartacist Uprising (15th January)? | -Spartacists were CRUSHED. -Luxemburg and Liebknecht were arrested. -Both were shot and kill for 'resisting arrest' during transportation. -SHOCKED Ebert! |
| What did the Spartacist Uprising show us (2 things)? | -Highlighted the instability of the WR. -A socialist, left wing government were attacked by an even more left wing group. |
| After the Spartacist uprising, what were the new republic reliant on and how did they obey this? | -Dependent on support of the army. -For the support, Republic promised to not change leadership of army. |
| When was the Kapp Putsch? | March 1920. |
| Who were the Freikorps? | -Ex-soldiers, mainly right-wing nationalists. -Used by Weimar gov. to squash Spartacist revolt. -Disbanded in 1920. -This was due to decrease in German army AND trying to take power in the Kapp Putsch. |
| Who led the Freikorps? | Dr. Wolfgang Kapp. |
| What were the events of the Kapp Putsch? | -March 1920 - Freikorps occupied Berlin. -Weimar government asked army to suppress Putsch. -WR also asked trade unions to organise a strike. -Army REFUSED, trade unions ACCEPTED. -General Strike caused CHAOS and Kapp couldn't rule Germany and was forced to flee. |
| What was the positive outcome of the Kapp Putsch, 1920? | It showed that the Republic had gained much support from the workers of Berlin. |
| What was the negative outcome of the Kapp Putsch, 1920? | Revealed LACK of support from the army who sympathized with aims of the Putsch. |
| Were the Nazi party left or right wing? | Extremely right wing. |
| What were the Nazi Party's policies from 1920-1922 (4 policies)? | -Nationalism. -Socialism. -Anti-communism. -Antisemitism. |
| What were the three major challenges of 1923? | -Munich Putsch. -Hyperinflation. -Invasion of the Ruhr. |
| What was hyperinflation? | The extreme increase in prices in a short time. |
| What were the five events leading up to hyperinflation (timeline)? | -1914-18: Gov. printed more money to pay for WW1, but didn't have more gold. -1918-22: Weimar government printed more money for post-war shortages and asked for longer pay for first reparations installment. -January 1923 - French troops invaded Ruhr, taking raw good and materials. German workers went on strike. -This caused Weimar government to print off MORE money to pay strikers and make up for loss of materials. -November 1923 - German mark was worthless. |
| Which three groups of people was hyperinflation 'good' for? | -Farmers, paid more for food. -People and businesses in debt. -Fixed rents for rooms or shops became VERY cheap. |
| What were the bad effects of hyperinflation? | -The normal people who couldn't afford essentials. -Wages rose, not as quickly as prices. -Businesses went bankrupt. -People with fixed or monthly incomes suffered most. -Savings became worthless. -Blamed Weimar government, making it even more unpopular. |
| When was the Munich Putsch? | October 1923 to 9th November 1923. |
| What happened in October 1923 of the Munich Putsch? | -During crisis of 1923, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians: Kahr and Lassow, to take over Munich in a revolution. -October 4th 1923: Kahr and Lassow called off revolution, despite Hitler having troops ready. |
| What happened on 8th November 1923 in the Munich Putsch? | -Hitler and 600 SA burst into a Munich beer hall, where Gustav von Kahr, head of the Bavarian government was holding a meeting. -Hitler announced the revolution had begun. -Threatened everybody to rebel with him. |
| What did the SA take on 8th November 1923? | Army headquarters and offices of local newspaper. |
| What happened on 9th November 1923 in the Munich Putsch? | -Hitler, Ludendorff and about 3000 other supporters marched through Munich, looking for more support. -Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. -A gun battle resulted in 16 Nazi supports being killed. -FAILED: Hitler and Ludendorff arrested. |
| What were the 5 main reason as to why the Nazi Party wanted to take Munich? | MUBALUREUN: MU - Mussolini BA - Bavarian government (Nazis thought they had support from them). LU - Ludendorff (Nazis thought he could persuade the army to support them). RE - Reparations being payed to France. UN - United support (Hitler was establishe leader, 50,000 supporters and the SA). |
| What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch? | -Nazi Party banned. -Leaders imprisoned. -Hitler's trial = public sympathy. -Nazis rethought tactics. -Now knew that an armed uprising wouldn't work. |
| Why was the Munich Putsch a failure? | -Nazis were not organized. -Police were better prepared. -Too few people in Munich supported the Nazis. -Bavarian government didn't join the Nazis. -Neither the army nor police supported the Nazis. -Putsch appeared a total failure - Hitler in prison, Nazi Party banned. |
| Why was the Munich Putsch a success? | -Failure caused Hitler and other party leaders to re-think tactics. -Gain of popularity, Mein Kampf became a bestseller. -Sympathetic to Nazi ideas. Nazi Party banned for a short period of time and Hitler's sentence shortened. |
| What is the name of the person who led the 'Golden Years'? | Gustav Stresemann. |
| What were the five things that Gustav Stresemann did in order to recover the Weimar Republic? | -Introduction of the Rentenmark. -Dawes plan. -Young plan. -Germany's entry into the League of Nations. -Locarno Treaties. -End of Passive Resistance. |
| What were the changes in currency AFTER hyperinflation? | -November 1923: Rentenmark is introduced to the public and currency stabilized. -1924: Rentenmark converted to Reichsmark (backed with gold) and this gradually restored the value of German money. |
| What was the Dawes Plan? | -Plan introduced in 1924. -Reorganized reparations to USA. -Brough foreign investment to Germany. |
| What was the Young plan? | -Plan introduced in 1929. -Set timescale and reduced reparations. -France agreed to leave Rhineland early. |
| What was the significance of Germany entering into the League of Nations (1926)? | Germany recognized as a greater power again. |
| What were the Locarno Treaties? | -Treaties introduced in 1925. -Improved relations with UK and France. -Guaranteed borders with Belgium, France and Italy. |
| What happened and when was the end of passive resistance? | -Passive Resistance ended in Nov. 1923. -Agreed to pay reparations. -French withdrew from Ruhr in 1925. -Allowed later negotiations over reparations. |
| Which groups supported the Nazi Party in 1920's? | -Young people. -Skilled workers. -Farmers. -Middle and upper classes who feared communism. |
| Name 5 ways in which the Nazi Party changed their tactics. | -Rallies. -Meetings. -Propoganda. -Posters and newspapers. -Mein Kampf. |
| Explain rallies in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics. | -First rally held in 1926. -Regular huge rallies with military-style marches and speeches by Hitler. -VERY popular with youth. |
| Explain meetings in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics. | -Nazis ran evening classes to train members in public speaking. -Helped them to spread Nazi ideology. |
| Explain propaganda in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics. | -Goebbels managed propaganda. -Targetted specific groups with specific messages. -Anti-Jewish propaganda worked best with working class people. |
| Explain posters and newspapers in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics. | -Posters skillfully got their messages across. -Newspapers explained ideas in more depth. |
| Explain Mein Kampf in terms of the Nazi Party changing tactics. | -Published in 1925. -Promoted the following aims: --Removing Jews from Germany. --Destroying Communism. --Expanding Germany. -The book became a BESTSELLER. |
| What were the 4 ways in which Nazi Party Organisation changed? | -From local to national. -Targetting rural areas. -Organisations. -SA. |
| Explain moving from local to national in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation. | -Nazi headquarters stayed in Munich. -Brances were set up all over Germany. -Each Gau was led by a Gauletier. |
| Explain targeting rural areas in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation. | Nazis focused on winning support fom farmeres, who were finding times tough (especially after 1928). |
| Explain organisations in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation. | -Various different organisations were set up for different groups. Examples include: -Hitler Youth. -Nazi Students' League. -Teachers' League. -Woman's League. |
| Explain SA in terms of changing Nazi Party Organisation. | -Image of SA CHANGED. -Now one of order and discipline. -More young men wanted to join. |
| Name 3 reasons for the increase after 1929 for Nazi support. | -The appeal of Hitler. -The role of propaganda. -The role of the SA. |
| Why was the appeal of Hitler so strong? | -He was chismatic. -He appealed strongly to women and they wanted his babies. |
| What was the role of propaganda as a reason for increase after 1929? | Goebbels was a MASTER of propaganda. He used these methods: -Posters. -Radio. -Rallies. -Newspapers. -Parades and marches. |
| What was the role of the SA as a reason for increase after 1929? | -By 1932, image of SA improved dramatically. -Over 600,000 members. -Attracted young, unemployed people who admired the parades through towns and cities. -Continued to disrupt Communist Party meetings. |
| What and when was the Wall Street Crash? | -Happened in 1929. -US companies lost billions of dollars in value overnight, leaving banks and businesses ruined. -Crash triggered a worldwide recession. -Germany suffered GREATLY. |
| What was the economic impact of the Wall Street Crash (just stages, not detail)? | US Loans → German business + German government → German people. |
| What was the first stage of the economic impact of the Wall Street Crash? | US stopped lending money to Germany and DEMANDED all loans to be repaid. |
| What happened in consequence to the US demanding all its loans to be repaid? German businesses | -Had to pay back lones. -No more investment from US. -Had to pay increases in taxes. -Worldwide, no money to buy goods, so markets dried up. |
| What happened in consequence to the US demanding all its loans to be repaid? German government | -Couldn't borrow money from US. -Refused to print more money. -Increased taxes. -Made cuts in unemployment benefit. -Gov. workers had wages cut and some lost their jobs. |
| What was the effect on the German people due to the Wall Street Crash? | -Businesses reduced staff or closed. -Millions of workers and farm labourers lost their jobs. -Young people were badly affected by job losses. -With no work, and benefits slashed, families suffered terrible poverty. |
| What were the six main political impacts of the Wall Street Crash? | -Weimar government was blamed for German dependence on US loans. -Highlighted lack of strong leadership. -Two main parties in coalition government (Centre Party and SDP) couldn't agree how to solve the crisis. -Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass laws without Reichstag agreement. Germany became a dictatorship. -New economic policies were unpopular. -Extremist parties became more popular. |
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