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| Frage | Antworten |
| What happened in the July 1932 elections? | -Von Papen's Centre Party holds elections to gain support BUT loses seats. -Nazis become largest party, but Hitler NOT made chancellor. |
| What happened in the November 1932 elections? | -Von Papen calls ANOTHER election and Centre Party loses more seats. -Nazi Party loses more seats, but are still the largest party. |
| Who was Von Schleicher? | Army's political adviser to President Hindenburg. |
| What was Von Schleicher's main advice to Hindenburg and what was the consequence of this? | -Advised Hindenburg NOT to re-appoint von Papen in November (feared violence from extremists). -President made von Schleicher Chancellor instead. |
| What happened after von Schleicher was elected? | -He couldn't form a government and lost support of Hindenburg. -Resigned believing von Papen would succeed him. |
| Who was von Hindenburg? | -Became President in April 1925. -In Depression, used Emergency Powers to rule without Reichstag after 1930. |
| Who did von Hindenburg appoint as Chancellors after 1930? | Appointed von Papen, then von Schleicher as Chancellor. |
| What was the problem with the Chancellors von Hindenburg appointed? | Neither could form a government. |
| What were von Hindenburg's views on Hitler and the Nazis? | -He distrusted them. -Refused to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, even when he had largest majority. -At the end of January 1933, von Papen persuaded him that Hitler was the only option. -Made Hitler Chancellor ON CONDITION THAT von Papen was vice-chancellor. -They thought they could control Hitler XD |
| Who was von Papen? | -Chancellor from May to November 1932. -Leader of the Centre Party. |
| What were von Papen's views on von Schleicher and what did he do in order to deal with these views? | He was furious when he became Chancellor and started negotiating with Hitler. |
| What did von Papen persuade Hindenburg to do and what did this lead him to become? | -Persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler after von Schleicher resigned, believing that they could control Hitler XD. -Became Vice-Chancellor to Hitler 1933-34. |
| What were the 4 key events of 1933? | -Reichstag Fire. -Emergency decree. -Political parties and trade unions suppressed. -Enabling Act. |
| When was the Reichstag fire, who started it and confessed and what were the 2 consequences of this? | -27th February 1933, Reichstag burned down. -Communist Marius van der Lubbe confessed to causing the fire. -Hitler accused KDP and arrested 4000 communists. -Hindenburg passed Emergency decree. |
| What did the Emergency Decree the State to do? 5 things. | -Arrest and detain people without trial for as long as necessary. -Search and confiscate property. -Read post and listen to telephone calls. -Censor the press. -Stop people organizing meetings. |
| What was the Enabling Act? | -Gave Hitler the power to make any law he wanted for four years without the consent of the Reichstag. -Act meant Germany became a DICTATORSHIP. |
| How was the Enabling Act passed, and what were the votes for and against it? | -444 votes to 91. -An emergency decree meant that 81 communist members couldn't take up their seats. -Hitler made deals with National and Centre parties. -SA surrounded the meeting and threatened opposition politicians. |
| What did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to do in terms of opposition? | It allowed him to get rid of any opposition he liked. |
| What was the effect of the Enabling Act on trade unions? | -They were abolished. -Replaced with the German Labour Front. -Many union officials were arrested on 2nd May 1933. |
| What was the effect of the Enabling Act on other political parties? | -May 1933, the SDP and Communist Party offices and funds were taken by the Nazis. -July 1933, other political parties were banned. |
| What was the effect of the Enabling Act on state parliaments? | -Closed down on 31st March 1933. -Reorganized with Nazi majorities. -Completely abolished in January 1934. |
| What were the 3 main events of 1934? | -Nature of Hitler's role of Führer. -Death of von Hindenburg. -Night of the Long Knives. |
| How was Hitler perceived by the public and supporters? | -Sacrificed his own happiness to serve Germany. -A soldier of the people who could make Germany GREAT again. |
| How did his supporters see him, and swear allegiance to him? | -People could see and meet him on his frequent tours. -Featured in much Nazi propaganda, and gave speeches at rallies and on the radio. -People swore allegiance to him personally and gave the "Heil Hitler" salute. |
| What did Hitler give his supporters in return? | Wide-ranging powers. |
| Who was von Hindenburg in relation to Hitler, when did he die and what was the consequence of this? | -Von Hindenburg was the only person senior to Hitler. -August 1934: he died. -Within hours, Hitler declared himself as Führer and took on the president's powers. |
| When was the Night of the Long Knives? | 30th June 1934. |
| What happened during the Night of the Long Knives? | -Hitler arranged a meeting with Röhm and other SA leaders. -Leaders arrested by SS and taken to Munich to be shot. -In the following days, others were killed: --Kurt von Schleicher. -Gregor Strasser. |
| Why was the Night of the Long Knives necessary for the success of the Nazi Party? | -SA were NO longer needed to maintain Nazi power. -Army wanted SA to be controlled. -SA powerful enough to overthrow Hitler. -SA had nearly 2 million violent members and was A THREAT. -SA leaders had bad reputations. -Ongoing power struggle between Heinrich Himmler (SS) and Röhm (SA). |
| What was the result of the Night of the Long Knives? | -Few people were left to rival Hitler. -Army swore allegiance to Hitler personally in August. -SS established as a major force. |
| What were the 5 reasons as to why Hitler was able to gain total power? | -Hindenburg appointed him. -Von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint him. -In July and November 1932, the Nazi Party got the MOST votes. -Von Schleicher resigned and Hindenburg didn't have a choice. -Hindenburg and von Papen thought they could control Hitler. |
| What were the laws restricting civil liberties? | It was a crime to listen to: -Foreign radio. -Say anything against Hitler. -Tell an anti-Nazi joke I've got a sick one here: "What's the difference between christianity and national socialism? - In christianity one man died for all, in national socialism all men are expected to die for one." XD |
| Name 7 methods that were used in the Nazi police state. | -New laws. -SS enforced 'protective custody' (breaking new laws or opposing the Nazis). -Gestapo spied on people, by reading mail or listening to phone calls. -Block wardens. -People were encouraged to inform on people close to them. -Law courts were under Nazi rule (judges had sworn loyalty to Hitler) ; NO trial by jury. -Concentration camps. |
| Who were the Gestapo? | The Nazi secret police. |
| What were the two main methods of control, if you were to categorize them? | By fear and by indoctrination. |
| Describe the 'life' and role of the SS. | -Created in 1925 as a small group of bodyguards for Hitler. -After 1929, led by Himmler. -Grew under Himmler and acted as the police of the Nazi State. -Unlimited powers to search property, and arrest and imprison people WITHOUT trial. -Ran concentration and death camps. -Helped get rid of SA on the Night of the Long Knives. |
| What was the purpose of concentration camps? | -Prisoners taken to these for 'questioning', imprisonment, torture and re-education. - |
| Where and in what year was the first concentration camp opened? | -Dachau in 1933. |
| What were the conditions like in the concentration camps? | -VERY BAD. -Inmates were brutally treated and forced to do hard labour. -Deaths from disease or starvation. |
| What was the role of block wardens? | -Local wardens given 40 households to spy on for suspicious behaviour. -This owuld include the breaking of new laws. |
| What is censorship? | When unacceptable in some parts, or whole books, films etc., are officially suppressed. |
| Who was Goebbels? | The Nazi Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda. |
| What was his main feature and what did he control? | -He was very skillful at spreading Nazi ideology. -Controlled newspapers, the radio, book publishing, films and the arts. |
| Name 4 uses of censorship. | -Public burning of books by Jewish writers or others who disagreed with Nazi views. -Radio producers, playwrights, filmmakers and newspapers were told what to say. -Newspapers opposing the Nazis were closed. -Only radios that couldn't receive foreign stations were made. |
| What was the purpose of posters? | To show Nazi beliefs everywhere. |
| What was the purpose of cinema? | To show propaganda films, but mainly entertainment films that had subtle Nazi messages. |
| What was the purpose of artists and playwrights? | Nazis encouraged them to produce work highlighting Nazi ideas. |
| What was the effectiveness of military parades and rallies? | -To project strength of the Nazis. -To make Germans proud of their country. -To fill them with terror depending on their viewpoint. |
| What was the effectiveness of radio? | -Hitler could broadcast speeches all the time. -They were VERY cheap so nearly everybody had them. -Loud speakers were also installed in street. -This allowed for a greater success in indoctrination in the population. |
| What was the effectiveness of cinema? | -Cinemas were well attended and with every film, there was a 45-minute newsreel about the success of the Nazis and Hitler. -This allowed the fusion of both Nazi ideology and entertainment, making it even MORE effective. |
| What was the effectiveness of culture? | -Nazis despised all of the modern art. -It was effective because they could use culture to promote their ideas. -They were encouraged to use 'Aryan themes' such as family, national community and heroism. |
| In Germany, what was the division of religion? | -Two-thirds of people were Protestant. -One-third of people were Catholic. |
| Give 4 reasons as to why Hitler was determined to reduce the influence of the Catholic Centre party. | -Catholics owed first allegiance to the Pope, not Hitler. -Catholics consistently supported the Centre Party, not the Nazi Party. -Catholic parents sent children to Catholic Youth groups, not Hitler Youth. -Many Catholic schools where education was not subjected to the level of control and propaganda faced by children in schools run by the state. |
| What was the Catholic Concordat? | -An agreement, made in 1933, that stated that Hitler would not interfere with the Catholic Church and its worship, youth organisations and schools. -In return, the Catholic Party would stay out of politics. |
| When and how did Hitler start to break the Concordat? | -A year after it was agreed. -Nazis started to attack the Church. -It did this by removing Christian symbols from schools and taking schools away from Church Control. |
| What happened in 1937 as a blow for the Catholic Church? | The Nazis banned Catholic Youth. |
| What was 'With Burning Anxiety'? | A famous statement by the Pope Pius XI in which he showed his opposition to Hitler's policies, in response to the violation of the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany. |
| Was the breaking of the Concordat good or bad? | -Priests who were sent to concentration camps were seen at martyrs. -Church leaders were applauded by people when they appeared in public. -Catholic churches were packed with worshipers every Sunday. |
| When was the Reich Church founded? | 1933. |
| How many churches made up the Reich church? | 2000 Protestant churches. |
| Who led the Reich church and what did the Church believe in? | -Led by Ludwig Müller. -Supported the Nazis. |
| When was the Confessional Church founded? | 1934. |
| How many churches made up the Confessional Church? | 6000 Protestant churches. |
| Who led the Confessional Church and what did the Church believe in? | Led my Martin Niemöller. -Opposed Nazi ideology. -They were REPRESSED by the Nazis. |
| What was the significance of the Pastor Niemöller? | -Frequently spoke out against the Nazis. -July 1937, arrested and sent to prison for 7 months. Continued attacking Nazi policies when he was released. -Arrested again and spent seven years in concentration camps until the end of WW2. |
| When was the White Rose Group set up? | 1942-43. |
| Who set up the White Rose Group and where? | The WRG was set up at Munich University by Sophie Scholl and Kurt Huber. |
| What was the symbol of the White Rose Group and what was the significance of this? | A white rose which was a symbol for justice and pacifism. |
| What did the WRG do? | -Hans had seen the murder of Jews and other non-Aryans on the Eastern Front. -Group let people know the horrors that were happening. -Created and distributed leaflets opposing the Nazis and the war. |
| What happened to the WRG leaders? | All three leaders were eventually caught and executed. |
| Who were the Edelweiss Pirates? | Small groups that opposed the Hitler Youth. |
| What was the appearance of the Edelweiss Pirates? | Boys wore check shirts and dark trousers, and girls wore make-up and permed their hair. |
| What was the symbol of the Edelweiss Pirates? | |
| What did the Edelweiss Pirates do? | -They read and listened to banned media, like jazz, and wrote anti-Nazi graffiti. -They spread Allied propaganda leaflets. -They gave shelter to army deserters. |
| Who did the Edelweiss Pirates attack? | -Members of the Hitler Youth. -In 1944, they killed the head of the Cologne Gestapo. |
| What happened to some of the members of the Edelweiss Pirates? | Some were caught and hanged. |
| What is the main difference between the Edelweiss Pirates and the White Rose Group? | The Edelweiss Pirates were more militant and aggressive, whereas the White Rose Group were pacifist. |
| What was the name of the July Plot of 1944? | Operation Valkyrie. |
| Who led Operation Valkyrie and what was the plot? | -Count von Stauffenberg devised the plan. -He planned to plant a bomb in his briefcase and assassinate Hitler. |
| What happened on 20th July 1944? | -A military conference in East Prussia. -Von Stauffenberg tries to blow up Hitler. -Bomb exploded, but Hitler was protected by a table. |
| What was the aftermath of Operation Valkyrie? | -5746 people were executed. -This included 19 generals, 27 coloners, von Stauffenberg and Beck. |
| What does Operation Valkyrie highlight? | The deep opposition to Hitler within the army towards the end of the war. |
| Name 6 reasons for the lack of opposition. | -Many people resisted privately, not openly. -Nazi policies improved many Germans' lives. -Opposition groups were banned. -People feared the SS, Gestapo and concentration camps. -There was a large number of informers. -There was also genuine support for Hitler. |
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