Edexcel A2 Clinical Psychology

Frage	Antworten
What is the Statistical definition of abnormality	The assumption that anything statistically infrequent is abnormal. + we can use empirical data to seperate abnormal and normal behaviour - depression affects 1 in 4 people so is statistically common but still viewed as an abnormality.
what is abnormality as a deviation from social norms	abnormality is defined by unusual social behaviour. e.g laughing at a funeral + explains cultural differences - views of what is deemed normal are subjective - psychopaths are hard to diagnose as they tend to funtion normally in society.
what is the DSM	an american system used to diagnose and classify mental disorders. It contains symptoms of mental disorders which the doctor compares to their patient.
what are the 3 types of validity linked to the DSM	Etiological - group of people diagnosed with same disorder have same factors causing it. Concurrent - symptoms found that are not part of disorder diagnosed. Predictive - diagnosis can lead to a prediction of future behaviours.
What was the procedure of Brown et al's (1986) study on depression	working class mothers were interviewed about self esteem, their partner/family and psychiatric illness over the last 12 months. A year later they were interviewed about stressful events in that year and support.
what were the results/ conclusion of Brown et al's (1984) study	Of the women who had depression during the follow up year, 91% had a severe life event in the preceding 6 months. An increased risk of depression is associated with low self esteem and lack of support, especially in a crisis.
what was the conclusion/ results of Gottesman and shields (1966) study	Of the MZ twins where one had schizophrenia, the other was also diagnosed in 42% of cases. For the DZ twins this was only 9%. There is some genetic link between the likelyhood of being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
what are some cultural factors affecting the DSM	Mental illness is culturally bias. Sabin - language difficulties and differences might mean misleading translation of symptoms. Casas- african-americans did not like to share personal info with people of a different race.
what was Goldsteins procedure	new York psychiatric hospital used trained interviewers to go through symptoms to check patients for schizophrenia. looked at gender against rehospitalisations and lengths of stay.
what was Goldsteins findings/ conclusion	women with schizophrenia had a less severe cause of illness than men. women had fewer rehospitalisations and shorter lengths of stay. DSM 3 was a reliable tool for diagnosis
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia	symptoms whereby the patient exhibits extra behaviours that are not normal. E.g disorganised speech, hallucinations, delusions
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia	whereby the person fails to exhibit normal behaviours. E.g no emotion, lack of social care (apathy), negative thought processes.
what is the dopamine hypothesis in explaining schizophrenia	neurochemical medication seems to help relieve some symptoms. phenothiazine blocks dopamine receptors, so schizophrenia may be due to an excess amount of dopamine. amphetamines increase dopamine and make symptoms worse.
what is the enviromental breeder hypothesis in explaining schizophrenia.	could be linked to lower social class. social selection theory - schizophrenia causes you to drop class status (social drift) sociogenic hypothesis - stress from being in a low class can lead to schizophrenia (environmental causation)
explain drug therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia	antipsychotic drugs help treat hallucinations and delusions. drugs work by blocking the release of dopamine into the synapse.
explain Assertive Community Therapy (ACT) as a psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia.	community care programme that focuses on those who need help with rehabilitation, independence and recovery. the patient is visited in a real life setting by psychiatrists, nurses and social workers.
describe unipolar depression	also known as clinical depression, it affects 1 in 4 people in the UK at some point in their life. symptoms include fatigue, short attention span, hypochondria, insomnia and often change with age.
what is the monoamine thesis in explaining unipolar depression	low levels of norepinephrine can cause depression and high levels can cause mania. serotonin regulates other transmitters and without regulation there can be erratic brain functioning and thinking patterns. dopamine is related to ability to show motivation.
what is the Cognitive model of depression	made by Beck, it focuses on negative cognitive thought processes that people with depression possess. Negative triad - the self, the world, the future
explain drug treatments for unipolar depression	SSRI's increase levels of serotonin. NRI's increases levels of norepinephrine. SNRI's (such as venlafaxine) prevent reuptake of both and is used to treat severe clinical depression.
explain CBT in treating depression	uses Becks idea that depressed people have negative thought patterns and so tries to train the mind to think more positively. focuses on finding out the core of the problem and teaching coping mechanisms to deal with these thoughts.

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Edexcel A2 Clinical Psychology

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