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Karteikarten von Mary Ann Jacob, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Mary Ann Jacob
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Psychodynamic Perspective (Personality) | Freud 1- emphasizes unconscious 2- personality forms as a result of struggles between primal needs and social or moral restraints 3- personality governed by childhood experiences 4- shaped by how you cope with anger and sexuality - Freud was first to state that parent/child relationship influences how people feel about themselves and handle intimacy as adults |
| Name and describe the 3 levels of the conscious and unconscious mind | 1 - Conscious Mind: composed of thoughts and feelings that we are aware of 2- Preconscious Mind: contains thoughts, memories and ideas that can easily be brought to conscious mind 3- Unconscious Mind- deepest level of the mind; we are unaware of it's contents and can only become aware under special circumstances (important to development of personality) |
| What are the 3 central forces in personality development according to Freud? | id, ego and superego (constantly in conflict) |
| Define the id | 1- present at birth 2- represents basic instinctual needs and desires (eating, sleeping, sex, comfort) 3- governed by pleasure principle (instant gratification) 4-impulses have sexual overtones and sexual energy (libido) 5 - guides sexual urges and anger 6- resides largely in the unconscious |
| Define the ego | 1- develops as children realize they cannot always satisfy the impulses of the id 2- works under the reality principle 3- responsible for satisfying impulses and assessing impulses for social consequences 4- rational - problem solver, mediator between id and superego 5- resides largely in the conscious/unconscious area |
| Define superego | 1- forms during childhood as children observe behaviours in their culture and family 2- in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to openly express 3- our morale code or conscience 4- resides in conscious and unconscious mind |
| Name 5 Freud's 5 Psychosexual Stages | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| What are the criticisms of Freud's Views on Personality? | 1- based on observations that cannot be empirically tested 2- very narrow views of gender roles 3- small and select population of upper middle class women in Vienna (cannot make broad generalizations) 4- lack of predictive power |
| Why is Freud's view on personality relevant? | 1- he developed the idea that relationships with our parents have an impact on our emotional relationships as adults 2 - he outlined defense mechanisms and their functions 3- it drove psychologists to study the unconscious mind further |
| Neofreudians | held onto Freud's belief that human functioning is shaped by interactions with others, childhood shapes personality, internal conflict with unconscious mind Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney |
| Alfred Adler | 1- inferiority motivates behaviour 2- inferiority stems from childhood experiences of helplessness 3- we have an internal desire to be more superior than others 4- inferiority complex can lead to personality disorders 4- social needs and conscious thoughts are critical in personality development |
| Carl Jung | 1-Collective Unconscious (archetypes) - inherited memories shared by all mankind 2- personal unconsciousness - formed by individual experiences 3- believed that unconscious mind also includes joy, creativity and internal harmony |
| Karen Horney | 1- interested in basic anxiety which develops in children who experience extreme feelings of isolation and helplessness which sets stage for later neurosis 2- cultural differences play an important role in development 3- rejected Freud's penis envy - believed that men are envious of women's ability to reproduce |
| Key people in personality development from a Humanistic Perspective | Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers |
| Abraham Maslow | 1- personality arises from people trying to meet their needs 2- focused on healthy and mentally well humans 3- self actualization - the need of humans to fulfill their full and special potential/full use and exploitation of talents, capacities and potential 4- lead to study of positive psychology |
| Carl Rogers | 1- self concept 2- children form conditions of worth (must behave a certain way to receive love from parents) 3- unconditional positive regard |
| Trait Perspective | (TRAITS) People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in certain ways (CENTRAL TRAITS) These tendencies can be linked together to form broad habits Such principles can be used to form the foundation of scientifically testable theory Personality Traits can help us predict behaviour |
| Traits | consistent, stable tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively consistent across situations |
| Gordon Allport | 1- first trait theorist 2- behaviour can be healthy and organized 3- unity and uniqueness of individual 4- present is more important than the past in terms of personality 5- contributed case studies which lead to more empirical testing 6 - Cardinal, central and secondary traits |
| Hans Eysenck | 1- developed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 2- central traits affect behaviour 3- Factor Analysis (superfactors) |
| Cardinal Traits | Dominant traits, single characteristic that dominates your behaviour and activities |
| Central Traits | more common building blocks that shape personality, stable across time |
| Secondary Traits | traits that appear under special circumstances, variable, not obvious or consistent |
| Factor Analysis | identify traits that cluster together to form fundamental dimensions of personality known as superfactors |
| Superfactors | a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits |
| 3 basic superfactors | Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism |
| Extroversion | the degree to which a person is outgoing and enjoys interacting with others Extrovert Traits - Impulsiveness, sociability, assertiveness Introvert Traits - Thoughtfulness, reliability, passivity |
| Neuroticism | the degree to which a person tends to experience negative emotions AKA emotional instability |
| Psychoticism | the degree to which a person is vulnerable to developing psychosis |
| Five Factor Theory | An empirically derived trait theory that proposes 5 major trait categories known as the Big 5 |
| Five Personality Traits of 5 Factor Theory (Big 5) | OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
| Personalities | 1 - help determine environments we seek out and our responses to the environments we encounter 2- are shaped by genetics (traits) 3- are shaped by our environment (learning principles) 4- can be measured in different ways |
| Situationist Perspective - Personality | The view that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than internal traits |
| Key People Situationist Perspective | 1- Walter Mischel - early leader in situationist perspective but later moved to interactionist perspective as he concluded you must integrate personality and situation to explain behaviour 2- BF Skinner - he thought traits were "response tendencies" and that behaviour was situational. If behaviour is rewarding it would be repeated |
| Interactionist Perspective - Personality | a view emphasizing the relationship between a person's underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of situations in which they choose to put themselves. (people influence the situations they encounter) |
| Albert Bandura | 1- leading interactionist - SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY 2- Self Efficacy 3- Reciprocal Determinism |
| Self Efficacy | People's personal beliefs about their ability to achieve their own goals |
| Reciprocal Determinism | personality is determined by the interaction of the external environment, internal mental events, and behaviour |
| 2 types of personality assessments | 1- Personality Inventories 2- Projective Tests |
| Personality Inventory | a questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of personality (self report inventory) |
| Projective Tests | a personality assessment device intended to tap a person's unconscious by presenting the person with ambiguous stimulus and asking the person to interpret what the stimulus means |
| Two examples of Projective Tests | 1-Rorsch Inkblot Test (What do you see?) 2- Thematic Apperception Test (Tell me a story about these pictures) |
| Criticism for Projective Tests | 1- Low validity and accuracy 2 - depends heavily on the person administering the test (implicit bias) 3- inconsistent, unreliable |
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