Contemporary World June Exam

Frage	Antworten
Communism	A political doctrine that seeks to abolish private property and the sharing of society's resources.
Conservativism	Ideology that defends traditional values and opposes prosgressivism.
Liberalism	Ideology whose aim is to promote individual freedom and a limited role for the state.
Left Wing	Promotion of social progress, reform, freedom and equality, also known as progressivism
Right Wing	Defence of traditions, rejection of rapid change and defence of social order.
Supply	The quantity of a good or service.
Greenhouse Gases	Gases that are present in the atmosphere which destroy the ozone layer.
Overexploitation	Refers to the world's exploitation of resources exceeding the Earth's capacity for renewal of these resources.
Biodiversity	The diversity and variety of living organisms. This includes plants and animals.
Developed Countries	The wealthiest countries in the world, having a high GDP per capita and Human Development Index above 0.8. Also known as Northern Countries.
Developing Countries	Countries that are in an intermediate position between developed countries and least advanced countries.
Pollution	Pollution refers to harmful human activity that affects the environment.
Global Warming	Humans release a large quantity of pollutants into the atmosphere. These pollutants destroy the ozone lyer which allow solar radiation into our atmosphere. This also prevents the heat from the Earth's surface to release, creating a rise in global temperatures.
2 Consequences of Global Warming	- Melting of glaciers and ice caps. - Shrinking biodiversity.
Sustainable Development	A form of development designed to respond to current needs without compromising the capacity to satisfy those of future generations. Takes into account Economic, Social and Ecological factors.
Renewable Energy	Are natural energy resources that can be reused infinitely.
Renewable Energy Sources	Fossil fuels, hydroelectric (water). nuclear, solar and wind.
The Kyoto Protocol	An agreement signed in 1992 by several countries at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in an effort to reduce Greenhouse Gases.
Outcome of the Kyoto Protocol	China refused to sign as they believed they were contiuing to development, unlike most of the other countries whom had already developed. The US refused to sign because they believed it was a flawed document and would be a costly compromise.
Clandestine Migration	Referrs to illegal or hidden migration, often from less developed countries to more developed countries.
Assimilation	Where immigrants abandon their culture for the culture in their new country.
Refugee	Is a person outside of their home country, unwilling to return to their home country for fear of persecution because of race, religion or beliefs. Victims of famine and collateral damage would also be considered refugees.
Globalization	A phenomenon of accelerated human exchanges at a global level, particularly with respect to the economy, goods, services and labour. The internet helped accelerate this.
Diasporas	Large groups of immigrants who settle in foreign countries due to the social, economic or political well-being of their home country.
Urbanization	The establishment and the of cities with respect both to population and territory, which are tightly related.
Immigration	To arrive into a foreign country from another.
Emmigration	To leave one's home country for another.
Shantytowns	Are located on the periphery of a city and house the poorest residents, they are densely populated.
Network	Ties, connections and affiliations between countries and communities.
Migrant Profile	Is the profile of a migrant that includes nationality, economic status and reason for migration.
Brain Drain	When the most intelligent and skilled leave their home country to work or study elsewhere.
Benefits of Diasporas	- Increase in employment rate for country of arrival. - Home countries get money sent back to them.
Reasons for Immigration	- War in the home country - Bad gobvernance in home country - Poverty/disease in home country.
Migration Towards Cities	The reason many immigrants migrate towards cities is because there are many job opportunities in the city.
Urban Planning	Some believe that urban areas should be concisely and appropriately planned and built to accomodate to the population, while others believe that they should grow freely.
a State	- Must have a territory - Must be recognized in the international arena - Must be sovereign - Must have a population - Must have a government - Must be an international personality
NGOs	Are non-governmental organizations whose aim is to sensitize political leaders through research about social, economic and political issues.
Protectionism	An economic policy that prevents free trade to the state from outside the colony.
Multinational Corporations	Are corporations that extend beyond one single countr, like McDonalds, Nike, and Adidas.
Sovereignty	A sovereign country is a country that holds exclusive power and authority.
NAFTA	The the North American Free Trade Agreement between the USA, Mexico and Canda, which was designed to remove tariff barriers.
Free Trade	Is trade between countries without tariffs, quotas or restrictions.
World Bank Group	Is a family of five organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries around the world.
IMF	Is the International Monetary Fund which is an organization composed of 188 countries working together for the benefit of the world's economy.
Economic Sanctions	Are economic barriers and restrictions placed on one country by another.
3 Advantages of NAFTA	- Together, Canada, Mexico and the United States have a Gross Domestic Product of $20.08 trillion. - It opens the doors for a level playing field in all three countries. -Employment rate is higher in all three countries.
CIDA	Is the Canadian International Development Agency, which administers foreign aid programs to developing countries from Canada.
International Aid	Financial, material, technological, academic and constructive aid from foreign countries.
Human Development Index	A statistical tool used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions.
Welfare States	Are state whose government wants to develop social policies aimed at reducing inequalities.
8 Millennium Development Goals	- Reduce poverty and hunger - Achieve universal elementary education - Promote gender equality - Reduce child mortality - Improve maternal health - Fight disease such as HIV/AIDS - Ensure Environmental Sustainability - Develop Global Partnership
Emergency Aid	Temporary aid for countries facing famine, drought, or the aftermath of a natural disaster.
Southern Countries	Are developing countries, with HDIs between 0.5 and 0.8, experiencing fast growth and human development.
Big Mac Index	An index used to measure purchasing power parity between nations, using the price of a Big Mac as a benchmark.
Fair Trade	The idea that some countries should have the right to more effectively compete with industrialized societies, especially when it comes to essential products, to which everyone should have access.
Ideology	A political ideology such as conservatism, democracy, or communism.
Diplomacy	Most national and international conflicts are resolved through diplomacy with discussions and agreements.
Conflict	Political, social or economic tension between two or more countries.
Culture	Refferrs to national, religious and social identity.

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