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| Frage | Antworten |
| Inter-Rater Reliability | Whether two different therapists can agree or not on their diagnosis of the same patient. If the diagnosis is consistent between clinicians or not. |
| Motjabi and Nicholson | 20 senior psychiatrists had low inter-rater reliability when distinguishing between 'bizarre' and 'non-bizarre delusions' At the time this was the only factor needed for a full diagnosis of SZ. |
| Copeland | 194 British and 134 American psychiatrists when asked to make a diagnosis using a case description. 69% Americans, 2% British diagnosed SZ Caused by the use of different manuals. |
| Test-Retest Reliability | A measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals. The scores from Time 1 and Time 2 can then be correlated in order to evaluate the test for stability over time. |
| Manuals are revised and updates regularly | - Affects Test-Retest Reliability - a SZ person could have been diagnosed in the past using from one symptom (i.e- bizarre delusions) but now the DSM5 requires 2 symptoms so the person wouldn't be considered SZ. |
| Low Construct Validity | Some clinicians criticize the construct of SZ itself - is it a genuine disorder or not? |
| Davidson (use for low construct validity) | The categories we use to determine SZ are 'constructs' because they were constructed from different combinations of symptoms appearing at once. Diagnosis is subjective; opinion of clinician. |
| Cultural Bias | Diagnosed more frequently in US and UK in African Caribbean and African Americans. (Harrison) 'seeing visions' is seen positively in some cultures and SZ in others. - Classification systems are culturally bias. |
| Consequences of cultural differences | - clinicians over or underestimate psychological problems in other cultures (Lopez) - African-Caribbean are more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospital, given major tranquillizing drugs or ECT. (Fernando) - Clinicians predominantly white, middle class, males - not sensitive enough to cultural and social features of patients. (Winter) |
| Social Stigma | The social stigma of SZ is considerable and can have a long lasting impact on those diagnosed. - ethical implications - diagnosis must be accurate |
| DSM5 | - Published in America (English Only) - Used in UK - After 6 months of symptoms - Classifies 5 sub types of SZ - multi-axial approach - looks at many different factors |
| ICD | - Published by WHO - international (multi languages) - classifies 7 sub types of SZ - classifies after one month - mainly positive symptoms - does not look at social factors |
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