Philosophy Exam

Frage	Antworten
Deduction	All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.
Induction	It has rained everyday on January 1st in Hawaii for the past several years. Therefore, it will rain next year on that day as well.
Law of non-contradiction	1. It is raining outside. 2. It is not raining outside.
Cogito Ergo Sum	I think therefore I am
Rationalism	Rationalism is a branch of philosophy where the validity of an idea is determined by logic, rather than religious means
Empiricism	knowledge that only comes from the senses
Socratic Method	asking someone questions to make them prove themselves wrong
Mind-Independent Reality	the world that exists without our mind (depth)
Mind Dependent Reality	world that requires our mind to exists (colour, taste, temperature)
Noumenal World	(same as mind-independent)
Phenomenal World	(same as mind dependent)
A priori	prior knowledge
A posteriori	Dependent on experience: learned knowledge
Rationalism	descartes and kant validity of idea is determined by logic all knowledge can be understood by a process of reasoning without external forces
Free Will	no physical or social constraints
Empiricism	knowledge comes from experience, experience is information that comes from our senses
Dualism	mind and body are different substances that make up reality, ghost in the machine
idealism	physical reality is an illusion, mental reality is what is real, people have a common conscious
materialism	only reality is the physical one, verifiable through science
Atheism	belief there is no god
Agnosticism	lack of belief
Theism	at least one god
Monotheism	only one god
Polytheism	more than one god
pantheism	god and universe are one
Meditation	calm relaxation and being one with yourself
Mantra	a word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation.
Interconnectedness	that everyone is connected to everything
Enlightenment	All people can think for themselves
Terra Nullius	unoccupied, bare land
Confirmation Bias	seek out information that conforms to their pre-existing view points, and subsequently ignore information that goes against them
Metaethics	focuses on what morality itself is.
Normative Ethics	investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act
Categorical Imperative	A moral obligation or command that is unconditionally binding
Utilitarianism	the best outcome for the greatest amount of people
Monism	The view that a variety of things can be explained in a single reality or substance
Virtue Ethics	emphasizes the virtues, or moral character,
Falsificationism	Theories must be able to be disproved in order to be considered scientific theory
Deontology	emphasizes duties or rules
Moral Absolutism	is the ethical belief that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong,
Moral Relativism	concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures.
Psychological Egoism	is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest (friends)
Psychological Altruism	is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others
Social Contract Theory	A social contract is an agreement between the people of a state and the government of a state. (laws)
Collective Action Problem	refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective
Correspondence Theory of Truth	The truth of my statement depends on whether it corresponds with a state-of-affairs that exists in reality. Cannot be true and false
Coherence Theory of Truth	The truth of my proposition depends on whether it coheres (is consistent with) the rest of my beliefs
Aporia	state of confusion
Applied Ethics	what people think is ethicsl
Method of Doubt	doubting everything to prove you're right
Evolutionary Ethics	our evolving ethics
Paradigm	a social construct, and we want to fit in with everyone else, or other people’s views of us, so we follow them.
Paradigm Shift	changing or shifting your views

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