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| Frage | Antworten |
| Argilluviation (lessivage) | The movement of clay to form an argillic (clay rich) horizon beneath a clay depleted/eluviated horizon. |
| Biological enrichment of base cations | The process by which grasses and temperate deciduous forests take up and return base cations via litterfall, stemflow, root exudation and root turnover. |
| Andisolization | The process by which the fine earth fraction of soil is dominated by amorphous compounds. |
| Andic properties include | high amounts of acid oxalate extractable Al and Fe, low bulk density, and high phosphate retention. |
| bulk density | dry weight of soil/volume |
| Paludization | deep accumulation of organic (histic) material, typically in marshy areas |
| Gleization | the presence of aquic conditions, producing reductimorphic or redoximorphic features such as mottles or gleying. Typically involved the reduction and/or oxidation of iron and manganese. |
| Humification | The process of humus formation. Decomposition of labile, plant derived carbon, leaving only more stabile, recalcitrant substances. |
| Melanization | The process by which humified organic matter accumulates in the upper mineral soil. |
| Ferrallitization | The process by which Al and Fe are concentrated and Si is lost as primary minerals weather into secondary ones. |
| Podzolization | A complex process including the eluviation of base cations, transformation of Fe and Al compounds to more mobile forms in surface horizons, and their transport to spodic horizons. |
| Soil base cations are | Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ |
| Cryoturbation (frost stirring) | irregular and broken horizons and textural bands, silt accumulations, and deformed soil material associated with ice and sand shifts. |
| Salinization | The processes that allow for the accumulation of soluble salts of Na, Ca, Mg, K+. |
| Calcification | The accumulation of secondary carbonates and gypsum in arid soils, or their redistribution in humid regions. |
| Solonization (alkalization) | The process in which a salinized soil is drained. Excess soluble salts leach, and salt colloids are dispersed. Alkalinity develops. |
| Silification | The process by which a seasonally high water table causes the secondary accumulation of Si, often forming a cement like layer known as a duripan. |
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