The Human Body: An Orientation

Frage	Antworten
Anatomy	Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology	Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross)	The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Regional Anatomy	All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
Systemic Anatomy	The body structure is studied system by system
Surface Anatomy	The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Microscopic Anatomy	Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology	The study of cells of the body
Histology	The study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy	Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Embryology	A subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Pathological Anatomy	Studies structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic Anatomy	Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
Renal Physiology	Concerns kidney function and urine production
Cardiovascular Physiology	Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Neurophysiology	Explains the workings of the nervous system
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function	Function always reflects structure. That is, what the structure can do depends on its specific form.
Levels of Structural Organization	1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ System level 6. Organismal level
Chemical Level	The simplest level of the structural hierarchy. At this level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.
Cellular Level	Cells are the smallest unites of living things and makeup the cellular level of the hierarchy.
Tissue Level	Human beings are complex organisms that fall into the tissue level of the hierarchy. Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Four Basic Types of Tissue in the Human Body	1. Epithelium 2. Muscle 3. Connective Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue
Organ Level	This level is where extremely complex functions become possible.
Organ System Level	Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system.
Organismal Level	The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being. This level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
Digestive System	Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory System	Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular System	Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Urinary System	Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
Integumentary System	Protects the body as a whole from external environment
Maintaining Boundaries	Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment (it's inside) remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it (it's outside)
Movement	Movement includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another
Responsiveness	Also known as, excitability, is the ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them
Digestion	Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

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The Human Body: An Orientation

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