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| Unit Nine - Module 74 Social Cognition: Attribution, Person Perception, and Attitudes | Social Cognition: Attribution, Person Perception, and Attitudes |
| social cognition | Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions. The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.. |
| attribution theory | A theory that we explain our or someone else's behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
| situational attribution | The process of assigning the cause of behaviour to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal characteristic. |
| dispositional attribution | The process of assigning the cause of behaviour to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces. |
| fundamental attribution error | The tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviours observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations. In other words, people have a cognitive bias to assume that a person's actions depend on what "kind" of person that person is rather than on the social and environmental forces that influence the person. |
| actor-observer bias | The tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviours to internal causes. Essentially, people tend to make different attributions depending upon whether they are the actor or the observer in a situation. The actor-observer bias tends to be more pronounced in situations where the outcomes are negative. |
| self-serving bias | A self-serving bias is the common habit of a person taking credit for positive events or outcomes, but blaming outside factors for negative events. |
| just-world phenomenon | The just-world phenomenon is the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. Because people want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice, often blaming the person in a situation who is actually the victim. It helps explain why people sometimes blame victims for their own misfortune, even in situations where people had no control over the events that have befallen them. |
| self-effacing bias (modesty bias) | The tendency to downplay our successes by attributing them to external causes and to blame ourselves for our failures. This is most common in “collectivistic cultures.” Also referred to as 'modesty bias. '. |
| halo effect | An error in reasoning in which an impression formed from a single trait or characteristic is allowed to influence multiple judgments or ratings of unrelated factors. For example, a person who is generally liked might be judged as more intelligent, competent, and honest than he or she actually is. |
| self-handicapping strategy | Engaging in behaviours that sabotage your chances of success. Allows people to find an outside source to blame for possible failures. While this can be an effective strategy for protecting self-esteem, it can understandably have a significantly negative impact on success. |
| collectivistic cultural orientation | Collectivistic cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and desires of each individual. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. |
| individualistic cultural orientation | Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous. Social behaviour tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. |
| person perception (impression formation) | In social psychology, the term "person perception" refers to the different mental processes that we use to form impressions of other people. This includes not just how we form these impressions, but the different conclusions we make about other people based on our impressions. |
| primacy effect | The tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end. When generating impressions of others, what we think and feel about a person is strongly influenced by our very first impressions of that person. Therefore, first impressions are more important than later impressions. It seems that first impressions tend to colour or bias later judgments of a person. |
| social categorization | Social categorization is the process through which we group individuals based upon social information including sex, race, and age, as well as other dimensions are such as social status, occupation, and sexual orientation. |
| attitude | Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to people, objects, ideas, and situations. |
| ABC Model of Attitudes (three components) | Affective component - how we feel about something Behavioural component - how we act toward something Cognitive component - how we think about something. |
| persuasion | The process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behaviours regarding an issue through the transmission of a message in an atmosphere of free choice.. |
| four factors that predict success of persuasion | source - who is persuading can determine success message - the nature of the message can determine success target - who is receiving the message can determine success medium - the way the message is being conveyed can determine success |
| elaboration likelihood model | A theory about the thinking processes that might occur when we attempt to change a person's attitude through communication. Central Route processing - focus on content and facts of message Peripheral Route processing - focus on cues outside the central content of message |
| central route persuasion | The process by which attitudes are formed or changed as a result of carefully scrutinizing and thinking about the central merits of attitude-relevant information. |
| peripheral route persuasion | the process by which attitudes are formed or changed as a result of using peripheral cues - factors that is external to the merits of an argument such as attractiveness of the messenger |
| compliance | Compliance involves changing your behaviour in some way because someone else requested you to do so. While you may have had the option to refuse the request, you chose to comply. |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | A persuasion tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first. |
| door-in-the-face phenomenon | A persuasion tactic that aims to convince a person to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down. The respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, than if that same request is made in isolation. |
| reciprocity norm | A social norm where if someone does something for you, you then feel obligated to return the favour. |
| cognitive dissonance theory | The mental conflict that occurs when a person’s behaviours and beliefs do not align. |
| Leon Festinger | American social psychologist, best known for cognitive dissonance theory. |
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