Design and Technology: Resistant materials

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Marking out wood, Metals and Plastic	Placing lines directly onto the surface of the material. Straight lines are placed onto materials will be at an angel, making curves and circles you are not moving or slipping on the surface. Templates are used to mark out complex shapes, mainly if it is to be repeated
Tools	Pencil: can be used on a variety of materials a it is easily rubbed out Marking knife: make a small cut into the material and can give a clean edge when sawing or chiselling across the grain scriber :to help see the line of the metals used spirit pen:Thin pens should be used where accuracy is required.Aluminium sheet is marked out Ruler: makes it easier to measure accurately on wood metal and plastic Try square: mark right angles to an edge test if surfaces are flat, in wood metal and plastic. marking gauge: mark parallel lines on wood used along the grain center punch: making a dot for locating a drill for a point on metals. For plastic, a piece of masking tape
Joining wood	Butt and Lap joint: the biscuit is placed in the slots made by the cutter and the wood is clapped together improving the strength Comb joint: they are strong because they have a large glue area and interlocking halving joint: relies on glue,screws or dowels Mortise and Tenon joint:form a right angle joint that is very strong and beat joint when joined Dowel Joint:very strong joint the holes must be drilled accurately by using a driving jig.
Joining metals	soft soldering: quick method of joining copper and brass fixing electronic components into a circuit. the filler rod melts at a very low temperature great care should be taken when soldering hard soldering : uses a filler rod that melts at a higher temperature of 600-800 this prevents joints coming apart welding: oxy-acetylene and electric arc both fuse of steels produce a very strong joint using the heat of the flame to join the materials together casting: pouring molten material into a shaped mould used to produce a range of shapes mainly using aluminium alloy melts at a lower temperature gives enhanced product strength
Joining Plastics	vacuum forming : forming plastics heating a clamped sheet of thermoplastic until soft. air is then extracted which causes the plastic to be sucked down onto a mould which will create the shape then the moulding is trimmed off Line bending:a stip heater that has a narrow opening allows heat which softens the acrylic so that it can be line bent
Manufactured boards	converting logos into a variety of forms and then gluing them together to create sheet materials produce large,flat sheets of timber stronger, more stable than soft and hardwood uses more trees more economically Plywood, Chipboard, Blockboard and MDF are examples of manufactured boards
sustainability of MDF	1. Harvested from forests or extracted from the ground 2. transported to a place of processing 3. transported to a place of manufacture 4. transported to the consumer 5. transported to a place of disposal, reuse or recycling each of stages can use huge amounts of energy , causing pollution
MDF advantages	It is dense, flat, stiff, has no knots and is easily machined. Because it is made up of fine particles it does not have an easily recognisable surface grain. MDF can be painted to produce a smooth quality surface. Because MDF has no grain it can be cut, drilled, machined and filed without damaging the surface. MDF may be dowelled together and traditional woodwork joints may even be cut. MDF may be glued together with PVA wood glue. Oil, water-based paints and varnishes may be used on MDF.
MDf disadvantages	MDF can be dangerous to use if the correct safety precautions are not taken. MDF contains a substance called urea formaldehyde, which may be released from the material through cutting and sanding. Urea formaldehyde may cause irritation to the eyes and lungs. Proper ventilation is required when using it and facemasks are needed when sanding or cutting MDF with machinery. The dust produced when machining MDF is very dangerous. Masks and goggles should always be worn at all times. Due to the fact that MDF contains a great deal of glue the cutting edges of your tools will blunt very quickly. MDF can be fixed together with screws and nails but the material may split if care is not taken.
suitable materials for modelling	Polymorph thermochromic pigments shape memory alloys Nanotechnology Nanomaterials
Smart materials	Polymorph: reactive capacity to change from a solid to mouldable state when heated useful for producing models ergonomically Thermochromic pigments: reactive capacity to change colour as the temperature changes . The plastic colour will change colour responding to the temperature. Shape memory alloys: have the reactive capacity to change their shape when heated 'nitinol' is a smart wire that changes shape in your mouth which is used in braces
Nanotechnology changing a products material by changing the individual materials that make up the product	Nanomaterials greater improvements in materials properties such as being stronger or lighter
CAM	Computer-aided manufacture uses a computer to produce a set of instructions that control the operation of a manufacturing tool . This controls the cutting speeds and power of the machine
Process	1. Vinyl cutters - cuts complex shapes from a variety of materials only works in 2D 2. 3D router- manufacturing MDF and plastic 3.CNC milling machine produces a range of 2D and 3D components often in brass, steel and composite materials 4.CNC lathe- accurately manufactures a range of complex components into plastic and producing large identical quantities 5.Laser Cutter- cutting and engraving the surface of wood or plastics very accurate and useful for mass production 6.Rapid prototyping systems - producing 3D prototype models
CAD	Computer-aided design is a way to see and refine design ideas, without having to cut and join materials. Final design ideas can bee printed on paper with great accuracy. Cad/cam can make parts quickly and precisely
advantages	Products can be coloured, and tex- tures added to show what they will look like in real life  Designs can be changed easily without redrawing the whole im- age  Files can be sent electronically via email to clients and manufactur- ers, which saves time and money
disadvantages	Software can be expensive to purchase  Learning to use the soft- ware can take a long time
Quality control	when a product is made each part of the product has to be assessed for quality control for example the colour of the product, the size, every compartment fits together no lose screws.Manufactures carry out these checks every hour if the product does not meet the standers then it will be taken apart as the manufacturer wants every product to have the same high quality
maintenance	can prolong the life of a product by cleaning, adjustment,lubrication or replacement of parts of a product. Electronic devices may need the batteries changes the designer may design the cover so that it can be easily slipped out however parts that should not be removed will be held in special place with certain screws Mechanical devices they need regular maintenance a designer will need have to think about how it will be carried out The manufacturer should produce maintenance information for both for both the consumer and people who have the job to repair with multilingual instructions Reducing maintenance consumers often prefer to buy products with less maintenance
Product analysis	Looking a existing products 1. investigate the functions and features of the products 2. work out which parts of the products are most successfu 3. work out which parts of the products are most successful 4.work out how they can improve existing products ACCESS FM
Market pull SOCIETY'S NEED FOR A PRODUCT	1.A demand from consumers for new or improved products. 2.A competing product is launched by another manufacturer. 3.A manufacturer wants to increase their share of the market. demand or a need for a certain product such as the hybrid car which meets the demand of people wanting to reduce pollution
technology-Push FINDING NEW TECHNOLOGIES	products are re-designed because of changes in materials or manufacturing methods. This might mean that new materials have become available, with improved properties; or that improvements in manufacturing processes mean a manufacturer can make the product cheaper for example the mobile phone

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Design and Technology: Resistant materials

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