Unit 1: Core concepts

Frage	Antworten
What is a biological system ?	A biological system consists of specific organs and tissues that function together to serve a purpose.
What does the nervous system consist of?	The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord as well as the peripheral nerves.
Where are multipolar neurons usually found?	Multipolar neurons are found in the central nervous system (brain and spine)
Where are pyramidal neurons found?	Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex of the brain as well as the hippocampus and amygdala.
How can you recognise the pyramidal neuron?	The soma (cell body) is shaped like a tear drop or rounded pyramid.
What happens when pyramidal neurons are faulty	Faulty pyramidal neurons can cause excessive neuronal excitation leading to neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers can cause excess cell death of pyramidal neurons causing cognitive changes.
Purkinje cells are found where?	Purkinje cells are found in the cortex of the cerebellum of the brain.
What functioning role do purkinje cells play?	Purkinje cells play an important role in motor movement by releasing a neurotransmitter GABA which has an inhibitory effect on specific neurons resulting in a reduction of nerve impulses.
What is the effect of alcohol on an embryo?	Alcohol can destroy purkinje cells resulting in foetal alcohol syndrome.
What do many bipolar neurons specialise in?	Many Bipolar neurons are specialised sensory neurons that enable the transmission of sense.
What makes bipolar cells unique to other neurons?	Bipolar cells do not fire impulses, they pass information via graded signal changes.
What makes unipolar neurons unique?	Unipolar neuron's dendrites can receive information directly and the cell body is always situated in the ganglia
What is the function of glial cells	Glial cells are a supporting role within the brain, they waste products such as dead neurons.
What is the term when the brain's properties are not fixed, they are always changing?	Plasticity
What is the area of research called that is concerned with cognitive thinking ?	Cognitive neuroscience.
What is the name of the field in neuroscience in which the focus is on the structure and organisation of the brain?	neuroanatomy
What is it called when research conducted in a laboratory setting can be carried across to have a clinical impact ?	translational research
What were the beliefs of John Searle that were seen as controversial?	John Searle believed that you needed the complex biology of the brain as a complex functioning system in order to have a mental state. Have functioning brain must come first.
What were the three components that Freud proposed made up the mind?	ID (instincts), ego (reality), superego (morality)
What is the psychodynamic approach?	The psychodynamic approach is the mind is created from a dynamic interaction between the ID, ego and superego.
What is the scientific theory in which is thought that you so not need to study the mind as you cannot see it	Behaviourism
Skinner's theory proposed that it is our actions with the environment that influences future behaviour, what was this concept known as?	operant conditioning
In Pavlows experiments, what was it termed when the dog's salivated in response to an unconnected stimulus?	Conditioned reflex
What Is operant conditioning?	Operant conditioning is associating an action with an outcome. (pigeon pecking the coloured disks to receive food)
What is classical conditioning?	Classical conditioning is when there are two stimuli and the outcome is not dependent on any behaviour.
What type of evidence can only be self-reported, in which a person reports how they are thinking and feeling?	Subjective evidence
What type of evidence can be verified by others and includes the outward behaviours of an individual?	Objective evidence
What is the phenomenon that was noted in early scientific research, in which subjects were western, rich, educated, democratic countries?	The WEIRD population effect
What feature of the brain supports the concept of adaptation?	Plasticity, the idea that biological systems can change in response to the environment.
What is the term which refers to changes in a person's characteristics in response to the environment, spanning over a life time?	Phenotypic plasticity
What approach determines that mental health is the same as or an extension to physical health requiring medical treatment?	Medicalised approach
What is the name of a field in psychology that focuses on how substances such as drugs affect the brain and mind?	Psychopharmacology
What is the branch of psychology in which experimental methods were applied to determine the link between the mind and the behaviour	Experimental psychology
In mental health, those that align themselves with Freud's way of working instead of Kraepelin's are more likely to treat patients by what method rather than drug treatment?	They would be more in favour of a psychodynamic approach in the form of counselling etc
What is the name of the approach developed in the field of health psychology by George Engel, which proposes that biological, psychological and social factors are important in health and interact with each other?	Biospsychosocial model (BPS model)
What is the term when the focus of study is narrowed from large to small scale	reductionism

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