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Karteikarten von Greg MacPherson, aktualisiert vor 8 Tage
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| Unit Two - Module 8 Overview of the Nervous System and the Endocrine System | Overview of the Nervous System and the Endocrine System |
| nervous system | The body's speedy , electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
| central nervous system |
The part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord. All the nerves housed within bone (skull and vertebrae).
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Cns (binary/octet-stream)
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| peripheral nervous system |
The sensory and motor neurons that branch out from the central nervous system and reach the extremities of the body.
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Pns (binary/octet-stream)
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| nerves | Bundled axons (the neural extension of a neuron) that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. |
| brain | Part of the central nervous system. It interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs. |
| spinal cord | Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system. |
| reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus. |
| afferent (sensory) neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
| efferent (motor) neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and process information from the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| somatic nervous system | The division of the peripheral nervous system that consists of the sensory neurons that are specialized to transmit messages from sensory receptors, and the motor neurons that send messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles that control our voluntary movements. |
| autonomic nervous system | The division of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the regulation of the body's internal environment. This means that it controls the glands and the smooth (involuntary) muscles of the heart, blood vessels, stomach and intestines. In other words, the autonomic nervous system is largely concerned with involuntary functions such as respiration, circulation, and digestion. |
| sympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy. |
| parasympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
| homeostasis | An organism's ability to regulate various physiological processes to keep internal states steady and balanced. These processes take place mostly without our conscious awareness. |
| endocrine system | The body's "slow" chemical communication system that includes a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
| glands | Glands are organs in the body that secrete chemicals. Some glands, like sweat glands and salivary glands, secrete chemicals onto the surface of the body through ducts. These are not endocrine glands. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals - hormones - directly into the bloodstream that carries them to their target organs. |
| pituitary gland | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| growth hormone | Released by pituitary gland, it controls and regulates the increase in size as children grow from infants to adulthood. |
| oxytocin | Released by the pituitary gland, it enables contractions during childbirth, influences milk flow during nursing (milk letdown reflex), promotes pair bonding, group cohesion, and social trust. |
| vasopressin | Released by the pituitary gland, it regulates level of water in the body. |
| adrenal glands | A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete a number of hormones. |
| adrenal medulla | Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline) when stress triggers the sympathetic nervous system. |
| adrenal cortex | Releases over 30 different hormones including many steroids. These hormones have many functions including controlling stress reactions (the hormone cortisol) and regulating salt intake. The adrenal cortex also releases sex hormones in addition to those released by the gonads (testes and ovaries). |
| HPA Axis (hypthalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis) | A stressful event will trigger the hypothalamus to instruct the pituitary gland to release a hormone that triggers the adrenal glands to flood the body with cortisol - a stress hormone that causes the body to increase blood sugar. The high levels of cortisol with then trigger the hypothalamus to shut off the stress response. This is known as negative feedback. |
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