RELATIONSHIPS RESEARCH

Frage	Antworten
Kerckhoff and Davis (1962) The Filter Model - Relationship Formation	Relationships develop through three filters, so different things become important at certain times: Social/Demographic Variables Similarity of attitudes, values and beliefs Complementarity of emotional needs
Kerckhoff and Davis (1962) The Filter Model EVALUATION - Relationship Formation	Longitudinal study of student couples who had been together for more or less than 18 months. Asked to complete several questionnaires over a seven month period about the attitude similarity and personality of their partner. Attitude similarity was most important factor before 18 months. After 18 months psychological compatibility became most important.
Byrne and Clore (1970) Reward-Need Theory - Relationship Formation	The satisfaction of needs is central to the formation of relationships. We are attracted to [and more likely to be in a relationship with] people who satisfy our needs and reward us.
Veitch and Griffith (1976) Reward-Need Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Formation	Found people who interacted with a stranger after listening to good news (radio) rated the stranger more positively than when listening to depressing news
Cunningham (1988) Reward-Need Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Formation	Male participants watched either a sad or a happy film and later interacted with a female confederate. Those that saw the happy film interacted more positively and disclosed more information than those who saw the sad film
Griffith and Guay (1969) Reward-Need Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Formation	Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter and then asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter. Participants who were positively evaluated (rewarded) rated the experimenter highest. In an other condition participants were asked to rate an onlooker.
Aronet al (2005) Reward-Need Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Formation	Intense romantic love is associated with elevated activity in subcortical reward regions in the brain
Homans (1971) Social Exchange Theory - Relationship Maintainence	In a relationship we aim to maximize our 'profit', by seeking the biggest 'benefits' and the fewest 'costs'. The decision of beginning a realtionship is weighed up as we balance our benefits againsts our costs to ensure it is a worthwhile 'investment'
Rusbult (1983) Social Exchange Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Maintenance	Individuals' satisfaction, alternatives and investment all predicted the participants' commitment and the longevity of the relationship
Buunk (1987) Social Exchange Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Maintainence	Attractive alternatives are a major contributor to the break down of some relationships
Walster (1978) Equity Theory - Relationship Maintainence	Individuals will be more satisfied if the input of themselves and their partner is roughly equal (fairness). Therefore maximum profitability (SET) may not be satisfying if we do not feel we are 'putting in' the same as our partner.
Stafford and Canary (2006) Equity Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Maintainence	200 married couples were asked to complete measures of equity and relationship satisfaction. Satisfaction was highest for spouses who perceived the marriage to be equitable, followed by over benefited partners then under benefited partners.
Van Yperen and Buunk (1990) Equity Theory EVALUATION - Relationship Maintainence	259 couples where 86% married and 14% cohabiting obtained score for equity using 'Hatfield's Satisfaction Scale' (HGMSS). Found 65% of individuals felt that relationship was equitable, 25% of men felt over benefited and 25% women felt under benefited (roughly). 1 Year later they were re-interviewed and those in the most equitable relationships were most satisfied
Economic Theories - Relationship Dissolution	Pretty much the same as 'Equity Theory' and 'Social Exchange Theory' but applied to the breakdown of relationships.
Levinger's Theory (1976) - Relationship Dissolution	The chances of a marriage surviving depend on three factors: - The attractions (benefits) - -The barriers to leaving - - The presence of attractive alternatives -
Duck's Phase Model (1982) - Relationshhip Dissolution	Describes the breakdown of relationships in four stages: - Intrapsychic - - Dyadic - - Social - - Grave Dressing - (If you don't know the stages look them up)
Gray and Silver (1990) Phase Model EVALUATION - Relationship Dissolution	Surveyed 45 couples who had been married for an average of 10 years but had filed for divorce. Found that both men and women were equally likely to protect their self esteem by providing their own perceived version of events.
Lee's Stage Model (1984) (Based on studies of over 100 premarital breakups) - Relationship Dissolution	The breakdown of a relationship should be regarded as a process over a period of time rather than a single event: - Dissatisfaction - - Exposure - - Negotiation - - Resolution Attempts - - Termination -
Dunbar and Waynforth (1995) Partner Selection - Evolutionary Perspective	Analysed the content of lonely hearts adverts in newspapers to find themes and differences in what was desired in a partner by men and women. They found that women generally described themselves as 'young' or 'attractive'. Whereas men described themselves as having 'wealth' and 'status'.
Clarke and Hatfield (1989) Reprodcutive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Two confederates (one male, one female) asked university students of the opposite sex on a campus one of three questions. - When asked not a single woman agreed with the proposition, where 75% of men agreed.
Buss (1993) Reproductive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Found that men are more insecure with sexual infidelity, whereas women are more insecure with emotional infidelity.
Cunningham (1986) Reproductive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Varying photographs of women's faces including eyes, nose and mouth. Results found that men are more attracted to faces with 'childlike' features, such as large eyes, small noses and small chins. Features associated with maturity (prominent cheekbones, dilated pupils e.c.t.) were also found to be attractive.
Waynforth (2005) Reproductive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Women were found to prefer men with a square jaw, ridged eyebrows, small eyes and a symm
Brice and Young (1998) Reproductive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Found that both sexes prefer symmetrical faces.
Langlois et al (2000) Reproductive Behaviour - Evolutionary Perspective	Conducted a meta-analysis of 919 studies and found considerable agreement within cultures as to what was attractive in individuals
Buss (1989) Partner Selection - Evolutionary Perspective	Explored what males and females looked for in a marriage partner, using over 10'000 people from 37 different cultures. - They found what the evolutionary theory would predict (too much for a flashcard) :)
Trivers (1972) Parental Investment - Evolutionary Perspective	Suggested that all parental costs (care, protection e.c.t.) are weighed up b every individual. He argued that the sex with the greatest cost (female) is likely to be very selective in their choice of mate.
Hazan and Shaver (1987) - Influence of childhood on adult relationships	A quiz of almost 100 questions was published in a Denver newspaper, 620 readers replied and responses analysed. Produced three categories for 'attitudes towards love' which roughly aligned with Ainsworth's attachment types: - Secure (56%) - - Insecure-resistant (19%) - - Insecure-avoidant (25%) -
Bowlby (1969) Attachment Theory - Influence of childhood on adult relationships	An 'internal working model' of relationships is constructed in infancy and carried through to adulthood (continuation hypothesis). Attachment types in infancy influence 'relationship styles' in adult life
Simpson et al (2007) - Influence of childhood on adult relationships	Over 25 years 78 participants were studied at infancy, early childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Found that expression of emotions in adult relationships can be related back to early attachment experiences.
Moghaddam et al (1993) - Cross-Cultural Influence	Individuals in collectivist cultures place the needs of the family and the community ahead of their own interests.
Hsu (1954) - Cross-Cultural Influence	Found individualist cultures embrace and encourage change, whereas collectivist cultures view it with suspicion and caution. This is similar to attitudes towards relationships, in which individualist relationships are more likely to be short-term than collectivist relationships.0
Ho (1986) - Cross-Cultural Influence	Found that spontaneous expressions of are considered inappropriate in Chinese society.
Myers et al (2005) - Cross-Cultural Influence	Found no difference in marital satisfaction between arranged marriages in India and volunteer marriages in the USA.

Nächster

Beschreibung

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

ähnlicher Inhalt

	Erstellt von Luke Marney vor etwa 9 Jahre