Unit 3 - Module 19: Sensation: Hearing

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Unit Three - Module 19 Sensation: Hearing Image: Ap Psychology Unit Three Banner1 (binary/octet-stream)	Sensation: Hearing
audition	The sense or act of hearing.
audio spectrum	The audio spectrum is the audible frequency range at which humans can hear and spans from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
frequency	The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.
pitch	Pitch is the dimension of sound that we experience. In other words, a high pitch is a high note and a low pitch is a low note. Pitch is determine by the frequency of sound waves. Short waves have a high frequency which creates a high pitch. Long waves have a low frequency which creates a low pitch.
intensity (volume)	The intensity or volume of a sound is determined by a sound waves's amplitude. It is measured in decibels (dB). Zero decibels represents the absolute threshold of hearing. Every 10 decibels correspond to a tenfold increase in sound intensity.
outer ear	This is the visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound waves through the ear. It includes the flap that we see on the side of our head called the pinna and the auditory canal that transports the sound waves to the eardrum.
middle ear	This is the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea. It contains three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup(stapes)) that concentrate the vibrations on the cochlea's oval window.
inner ear	The innermost part of the the ear that contain the cochlea, the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs.
eardrum	Also called tympanic membrane. A tight membrane that vibrates when in contact with sound waves; helps to amplify the sound waves as they lose strength travelling down the auditory canal.
bones of the middle ear	hammer - a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil anvil - a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup stirrup (stapes) - a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the anvil to the oval window of the cochlea
cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
oval window	The membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the bones of the middle ear transmit vibrations
basilar membrane	A membrane in the cochlea that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the organ of Corti.
organ of Corti	A specialized structure that sits on the basilar membrane within the cochlea in the inner ear. It contains the hair cells (the sensory receptors for hearing), their nerve endings, and supporting cells.
auditory hair cells (stereocilia)	16,000 auditory hair cells organized in bundles in a cochlea. These cilia cells are extremely sensitive and work with extreme speed. The tip of a hair cell needs only to be deflected by the width of an atom in order to trigger a neural response.
place theory	A theory that explains the pitch a person hears. In this theory, the pitch depends on where the hair cells that are stimulated are located on the basilar membrane. For example, if a person hears a high-pitched sound, all of the hair cells near the oval window will be stimulated, but if the sound is low-pitched, all of the hair cells that are stimulated are further away from the oval window.
frequency theory	A theory that explains the pitch a person hears. In this theory, pitch is related to how fast the basilar membrane vibrates. The faster the membrane vibrates, the higher the pitch; the slower the membrane vibrates, the lower the pitch. This would mean that all of the auditory neurons would be firing at the same time.
volley theory	An extension of frequency theory that helps to overcome the limitation of frequency theory when it comes to pitches above 1000 waves per second (the fastest that a neuron can fire). It suggests that neuron cells alternate firing in rapid succession (some are firing while others are reloading). This means they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000 waves per second.
stereophonic hearing	Ears are placed on either side of the head enabling us to benefit from stereophonic, or three-dimensional hearing. Enables is to locate sound.
conduction hearing loss	This type of hearing loss refers to problems with the mechanics of the outer or middle ear and means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea.
sensorineural hearing loss	This type of hearing loss is more common than conduction hearing loss. In this impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways or cortical areas of the brain.
cochlear implant	A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

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Unit 3 - Module 19: Sensation: Hearing

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