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| Introduction to Sociology | Social science: >A collection of subject concerned with human behaviour in different forms. Sociology: >The study of society, it's concerned with the social life of groups/individuals. |
| Society: >Is an imagined term-difficult to measure but widely used. >Different societies have different types of social institutions. | >Family >Education >Work >Leisure >Mass Media >Religion >Legislature >Government |
| >Sociologists who study society & how it shapes people are called structuralists. >We learn from society through socialisation (NUTURE) | Primary Socialisation: >1st type of learning (to survive) E.g. Family >Basic behavior. E.g. walk/talk >Learn morals *Specific to certain societies* |
| Secondary Socialisation: >Starts in school & continues for the rest of your life. >SS is linked to social rules. E.g. Daughter, mum, student. | Ascribed Status: Given at birth (Doesn't change) E.g. Working class Achieved: Status that is earned Norms: Unwritten rule about how to behave in society (most common) E.g. Manners >Linked to roles >If we break norms we're punished |
| Values: What society sees at important (attitude) >Socialisation provides the norms/values of society. .>Norms come from primary/secondary socialisation (They don't exist without rules) | Social Action Theories: Research the experiences of the individual. They believe individuals create society. |
| Mores: Manners (Norms & Values) Rules: Informal laws linked to roles E.g. Breast feeding until age 3 Laws: Formal rules with formal punishment (general) | Status: Social prestige linked to a role (Social importance) Culture: A way of life of a society Cultural Diversity: Difference/variety found in societies. Subculture: Culture within a culture. E.g. Youth, fashion & music Typically share norms&values but differ slightly. |
| Culture: A way of life of a society Cultural Diversity: Difference/variety found in societies. Subculture: Culture within a culture. E.g. Youth, fashion & music Typically share norms&values but differ slightly. | Culatural Hypbridity: When cultures merge Globalisation: Compression of time & space (The internet) Karma is a good example of social hypbridity |
| High culture: Cultural products and activities which have highcultural status. E.g. Opera Most people can't access high culture, so is it relevant to study? = ELITIST CULTURE | Popular Culture: Cultural products enjoyed by the majority of the population. Term 'mass culture' is also used Consumer Culture: A consequence of the increasing availability of products, goods & services. E.g. Shopping |
| Conspicious Consumption is the norm, individuals consume branded goods that are the same to try and gain social status =causes subcultures | Global Culture: >Cultural products are becoming universal >Cultural products are identical across countries >National cultures lose their distinctiveness >A global village driven by multi-national companies. |
| Culture: The ideas/customs/social behaviour OR a way of life. Underclass: People surviving on benefits. =Culture can determine your life chances. | Cultural Capital: Your culture enables you to gain more social success than others. E.g. money/status Social Mobility: Moving up/down the class system (Linked to cultural capital) Benefits of knowing high status/culture: Get a good job/marry well/access characteristics of high culture. |
| High Culture: An advantage in the education system (Teachers are agents of the middle class) McDonaldisation: The spread of western culture throughout the world (Caused by globalisation) | Post Modernism. >Cultural relativism/ethnocentric: Judging anothers culture using your own norms & values. (They create enquality & decrimination) |
| Key Words on Post Modernism. >Cultural Diversity: More than 1 culture >Cultural Hybridity: Merging of cultures >Globalisation: Compression of time & space >Fragmentation: Separated & individualistic >Consumerism: Buying products >Commodification: Turning all things into a profit >Pick & Mix: Individuals choosing certain people's norms & values >Digital Revolution: The internet | Post modern theorists just exist to prove society is no longer modernist, the digital revolution changed society so much that all other sociological theories are pointless. |
| 1) Post modern society started in 1980's as a consequence of the digital revolution (Creation of the internet - Society/work/migration) | 2) Globalisation means the world has shrunk (Time & distance is no longer a barrier to the sharings of culture) |
| 3) Pick & mix makes hybridity 4) Internet is making people individualistic. Society (physical) has been replaced by a virtual. | 5) Live in a risk society: PM is scary, too much choice makes people stressed. You're then fearful for the future ... You're bombarded. Collapse of social variables: C A G E S ^ Been replaced by consumerism (Identity comes from consumption) |
| PM's argue the characteristics of society have changed due to a digital revolution. The 'cognitive power' : ^ Power to persuade >Dominant system of knowledge in that society > Of pre-modern society was religion (pre-determined) >Of modern society was science >Of post modern society is reflexivity ^ The individual is now the expert in society because of the internet | >You're as important as the world. >You decide which norms & values you get from society. =This effects your identity |
| Surveillance Society: The Government & social institutions within society 'watch' their citizens due to their individualism & fragmentation of PM society. It's the dominant form of social control | Meta-narrative: Cognitive power of PM society is different from the modern society, became social variables have collapsed. & Structuralists and social actualists are theorising about modern society, they argue socialological theories are META narratives (Little stories) They're theorising about a society that no longer exists |
| Grand-narrative: Any dominant forms of knowledge, any cognitive power which isn't reflexivity. =Cognitive power of PM society is different from modern society, social variables have collapsed. |
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