Testing

Frage	Antworten
Group Assessment	Allows information to be obtained from many people within a short period of time at low cost.
Individual Assessment	Permit counselors to adapt the test administration to the needs of the client
Standardized test	Intelligence test, personality inventories, ability test, interest and values.
Non-standardized test	less dependable, allows for counselors to consider aspects of behavior or environment not covered by traditional psychological test. Rating scales, projective techniques, behavioral observations and biological measures.
Speed Test	Consist of homogenous content of large number of easy items that a person must complete quickly.
Power test	Contains items of varying difficulty, most of which the person is expected to finish within the time limit.
Rating Scales	Provides subjective estimates of various behaviors or characteristics based on the rater's observation; most common method of assessment.
Halo Effect	Raters show a tendency to generalize from one aspect of the client to all the others (client is friendly, then they are also smart, and funny).
Error of Central Tendency	Tendency to rate all people as "average"
Leniency Error	Tendency to rate more favorably than needed.
Generosity Error	Rater identifies with client, thus becomes generous with ratings.
Projective Assessments	Vague or ambiguous stimuli to which people must respond (Rorschach inkblots, pictures, incomplete sentences.
Behavioral observations	Behaviors that can be observed and counted.
Interviews	Structured-specific standardized set of questions is used to solicit client data. Unstructured: no preset list of questions and the counselor-client interactions guides further questions. Semi structured: combined aspects of structured and unstructured.
Biopsychosocial aspects	Demographics, legal Hx, medical Hx, and treatment Hx, etc.
Confidentiality	The client is entailed to privacy of sessions and results; exceptions: court order, harm to self, or harm to others.
Informed Consent	Client is informed of what counseling sessions will entail, along with confidentiality regulations, and goal setting.
Privileged Communication	Relaying information to legal companions of the client (Dr./patient, husband/wife, parent/child).
Race	Biological aspects of what makes people similar.
Ethnicity	Socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, or national experience.
Culture	The arts of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
Culture free test	Attempts to minimize cultural bias.
Test bias	Presence of systematic errors (misdiagnosis, invalid, over/under-diagnosis).
Test equivalent and instruments	Test for instrument competency and acculturation, language, preference. (Linguistic, construct, and metric).
Ordinal Scales	The order or rank of nominal categories; measures magnitude but not equal interval, or absolute zero. (Likert scale)
Nominal Scales	Used for naming or classifying only; most basic. (gender, sex, race, etc.)
Interval	Measures equal distance between data points; possess magnitude, equal intervals, but no absolute zero (standard deviation)
Ratio	Magnitude, equal intervals, and an absolute zero.
Measurement of error/classical test	Observed score (x) made up of two elements; true score (T), error score. X=T+E
Correlation	Assesses the degree to which two sets of measurement are related.
Test-retest	Administering the same test twice; measures consistency over time.
Alternate form/parallel form	Equivalent of a test either at the same time or with time between administration.
Split half	Single test divided in half.
Interitem	Determines how items on a test are related to each other and the total score.
Interrater	Two or more judges rate events or behaviors simultaneously.
Face validity	Does the test look related to topic of assessment.
Content	The representativeness of items from a population of items.
Criterion related	Degree of prediction of clients performance on topic assessed.
Concurrent	Test scores and criterion performance scores are collected at the same time.
Predictive	The clients performance or criterion measure is obtained sometime after the test score.
Construct	Degree to which assessment is related to theoretical construct (convergent) or isn't (discriminatory).
Faking bad	Pretending to have problem.
Faking good	Responding in socially desirable manner to appear more favorable or less symptomatic.
Random	Client is responding randomly either intentionally or unintentionally.

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