Bandura et al. (1961)

Frage	Antworten
research method & design	laboratory experiment independent measures design
levels of the IV: condition 1	condition 1: model type aggressive model non-aggressive model & control (no model)
levels of the IV: condition 2	condition 2: model gender male model female model
levels of the IV: condition 3	condition 3: learner gender male learners female learners
how was the DV measured?	measured through controlled observation for a period of 20 minutes at 5-second intervals
response measures of learners' imitation	imitative physical aggression, imitative verbal aggression & imitative non-aggressive verbal responses
partially imitative aggression	mallet aggression & sits on the Bobo doll
DV	imitative learning
non-imitative aggression	physical aggression directed toward objects other than the Bobo doll verbal aggression excluding remarks made by models
other behaviour units/categories	# aggressive gun-play # non-aggressive play # not playing at all
sample and sampling technique	36 girls + 36 boys aged 3-6 years from the Stanford University Nursery School opportunity sampling
rating of children before the study	51 out of 72 of the participants were rated by an experimenter and a nursery teacher on pre-existing levels of aggression. the remaining 21 were rated by only 1 observer
inter-rater reliability for ratings of children	0.89
scales used for rating pre-existing levels of aggression	4 five-point scales that measured: physical agg., verbal agg., agg. toward inanimate objects & agg. inhibition
qualitative data	approving and disapproving/surprised comments from the observers on the behaviour of the models. e.g.: "that's no way for a lady to behave"
hypothesis 1 & 2	1. observed aggressive behaviour will be imitated 2. observed non-aggressive behaviour will be imitated
hypothesis 3 & 4	3. Children will be more likely to copy same-sex models 4. Boys will be more likely to copy aggression than girls
procedure for aggressive model	laid on its side, sat on, punched in the nose, picked up & hit on the head with a mallet, tossed up in the air & kicked
items in the experimental room (secondary location)	3-foot Bobo doll, mallet, peg board, dart gun and a tether ball w a face painted on it tea set, colouring paper & crayons, cars, trucks, plastic farm animals, a ball, 2 dolls & 3 bears
verbal remarks made by aggressive model	'kick him' 'he sure is a tough fella'
standardisation	all participants were put through a stage in which they were deliberately mildly annoyed
why was it necessary for participants to be mildly annoyed?	watching aggression may reduce the production of aggression in oneself ensure that even the non-agg. & control groups would be likely to express aggression
results: imitative aggression	mean score boys: 25.8(P), 12.7(V) mean score girls: 7.2(P), 2.0(V)
highest mean aggression scores	male subjects observing male models: imitative: 25.8, 12.7 partially imitative (mallet): 28.8 non-imitative: 36.7
sex-typed comments for female models	'...that's not the way for a lady to behave.' 'You should have seen what that girl did in there. She was acting just like a man.'
sex-typed comments for male models	'Al's a good socker...I want to sock like Al' 'That man is a strong fighter'
aim	to investigate whether children would learn aggressive behaviour by observing a model & whether they would reproduce the behaviour in the model's absence and if the sex of the model was important

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