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Karteikarten von Prarthana Nica, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| aims | 1. to study the bystander behaviour in a natural setting 2. to investigate the effect of 4 situational variables on helping behaviour |
| research method | field experiment |
| research design | independent groups design |
| IVs | 1. type of victim 2. race of victim 3. behaviour of the 'model' 4. size of the group of bystanders |
| where did the study take place? | on the New York Subway on an underground service between Harlem and the Bronx on weekdays between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. |
| levels of the behaviour of the model | 1. stationed in the adjacent/critical area 2. latency of the model's help |
| areas in the train car | critical area & adjacent area |
| where was the victim placed? | the victim stood at a pole in the centre of the subway carriage |
| sample | opportunity sampling an estimated 4450 passengers were present during trials |
| mean number of passengers present per trial | a mean of 43 passengers were present in the subway carriage a mean of 8.5 passengers were present in the critical area |
| racial makeup of the passengers | 45% were black & 55% were white |
| what did observer 1 record? | 1. total number of passengers 2. race, sex & location of all passengers 3. total number of helpers 4. race, sex & location of all helpers |
| what did observer 2 record? | 1. race, sex & location of all passengers 2. latency of 1st helper's arrival (after victim's collapse) 3. latency of 1st helper's arrival (after model's help) 4. comments made by passengers |
| victim's appearance | aged 25-36 years dressed in casual clothes: an Eisenhower jacket, old slacks, no tie |
| procedure: victim's collapse | after the 1st station (70 secs), victim staggered forward & collapsed lay in a supine condition, looking up |
| number of trials conducted per day | 6-8 trials/day for the same victim type |
| why was this particular route chosen? | + greater reaction time for passengers + closed environment ( similar to lab) + ensured that participants could not walk away from, ignore or rationalise the collapse of the victim |
| how long was the journey? | the journey was approximately 7.5 minutes long with no stops in between |
| total number of trials for the drunk condition | 57 + 8 = 65 trials |
| total number of trials for the cane condition | 24 + 14 = 38 trials |
| model's appearance | aged 24-29 years all white males also dressed casually |
| how did the model help? | raise the victim to the sitting position & remain with him until the train reached the next stop |
| levels of 'model behaviour' | critical/early & adjacent/early: waited 70 sec critical/late & adjacent/late: waited 150 secs no model |
| qualitative data | both observers/confederates recorded any comments made & also tried to elicit comments from the passengers |
| number of trials in which the drunk victim received help | 19/38 |
| number of trials in which the cane victim received help | 62/65 |
| results for spontaneous helping | 80% of victims received spontaneous help spontaneous helping occurred earlier in the the cane trials |
| results for race of victime | victims equally likely to receive help + minor same-race helping in the drunk trials + black victims received less help overall in the drunk trials (67%) |
| results for effect of modelling | early model intervention (at 70 seconds) was more likely to elicit helping behaviour than later intervention ( at 150 seconds) |
| results for the size of groups of bystanders (diffusion of responsibility theory) | natural 7-person groups were faster to respond than predicted & faster to respond than the 3-person groups |
| what is diffusion of responsibility? | people in larger groups are less likely to help in an emergency due to a reduced sense of individual responsibility to those in need |
| cost-benefit model | witnessing an emergency increases arousal. people then weigh the consequence/benefit of helping. they may either become avoidant or may be prompted to intervene |
| results for comments | higher number of comments in trials without helping drunk trials saw more comments being made |
| DV | level of bystander helping |
| % of trials in which help was given: model trials | white cane: 100% white drunk: 77% black drunk: 67% |
| % of trilas in which help was given: no model trials | white cane: 100% white drunk: 100% black cane: 100% black drunk: 73% |
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