Microbiology: Module 9 (Epidemiology and diseases)

Frage	Antworten
Disease	is any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired.
Infection	is the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism.
Signs of disease are...	objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician (ex. blood pressure or body temperature)
Symptoms of disease are...	Subjective, and can not be clinically observed or measured (ex. nausea or pain)
Syndrome	A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease
Infectious disease	any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen.
Communicable infectious diseases	infectious diseases capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms.
Contagious diseases	infectious communicable diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
Iatrogenic diseases	Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure
Nosocomial diseases	Diseases acquired in hospital settings
Zoonotic disease (or zoonosis)	A disease transmitted to humans from animals
Noncommunicable infectious disease	diseases that are not spread from one person to another (ex. tetanus)
Noninfectious diseases	Diseases not caused by pathogens
Inherited diseases	A genetic disease
Congenital diseases	Disease that is present at or before birth
Degenerative diseases	Progressive, irreversible loss of function
Nutritional deficiency diseases	Impaired body function due to lack of nutrients
Endocrine diseases	Disease involving malfunction of glands that release hormones to regulate body functions
Neoplastic diseases	Abnormal growth (benign or malignant)
Idiopathic diseases	Disease for which the cause is unknown
incubation period	period between encountering the pathogen and developing noticeable symptoms
Prodromal period	Period in which symptoms of a disease are starting to be noticeable, and the activation of the immune system occurs
Period of illness	the period in which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe
Period of decline	A period in which the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline
Period of convalescence	A period in which the patient returns to normal functions, unless the disease has permanently affected them
Acute disease	pathologic changes occur over a relatively short time (e.g., hours, days, or a few weeks) and involve a rapid onset of disease conditions (ex. influenza)
Chronic disease	Pathologic changes can occur over longer time spans (e.g., months, years, or a lifetime).
Latent diseases	the causal pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication.
Pathogenicity	The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease
Virulence	the degree to which an organism is pathogenic
median infectious dose (ID50)	the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals.
Median lethal dose (LD50)	the number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals.
A primary pathogen can...	cause disease in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system.
An opportunistic pathogen can...	only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses, such as the body’s protective barriers, immune system, or normal microbiota.
exposure/contact	An encounter with a potential pathogen
adhesion	the capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors
adhesins	Molecules (either proteins or carbohydrates) found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors (glycoproteins) on host cells.
invasion	the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or the body.
local infection	An infection confined to a small area of the body, typically near the portal of entry.
focal infection	a localized pathogen, or the toxins it produces, can spread to a secondary location.
systemic infection	When an infection becomes disseminated throughout the body
primary infection	the initial infection caused by one pathogen
secondary infection	An infection that occurs as a result of a primary infection by a secondary pathogen
bacteremia	the presence of bacteria in the blood
pyemia	. Bacteremia involving pyogens (pus-forming bacteria)
viremia	When viruses are found in the blood,
toxemia	describes the condition when toxins are found in the blood.
septicemia	when bacteria are both present and multiplying in the blood
shock	a life-threatening decrease in blood pressure (systolic pressure <90 mm Hg) that prevents cells and organs from receiving enough oxygen and nutrients.
toxins	biological poisons
toxigenicity	The ability of a pathogen to produce toxins to cause damage to host cells
The two types of toxin	Endotoxin and exotoxins
Endotoxin	The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
Exotoxin	are protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria.
Intracellular targeting toxins	A-B toxins; "B" binds to receptor of host cell (and A). Then A is released into cell, interfering with intracellular processes.
Membrane-disrupting toxins	Toxins that degrade or make pores in the host cell's phospholipid bilayer
Superantigens	exotoxins that trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines (chemical messengers). The excessive production of cytokines, often called a cytokine storm, elicits a strong immune and inflammatory response that can cause life-threatening high fevers, low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, shock, and death.
antigenic variation	the alteration of surface proteins so that a pathogen is no longer recognized by the host’s immune system.
antigenic drift	is the result of point mutations causing slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).
antigenic shift	a major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment. This reassortment for antigenic shift occurs typically when two different viruses infect the same host.
epidemiology	The study of the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of recognizing and controlling outbreaks.
etiology	the study of the causes of disease
morbidity	The state of being diseased
prevalence	the number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time
incidence	is the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time.
sporadic diseases	Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration
endemic diseases	Diseases that are constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region
epidemic diseases	Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region
pandemic disease	An epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale
etiologic/causative agent	the cause of the disease
notifiable/reportable diseases	diseases considered to be of public health importance on a national scale.
Who is John Snow?	a British physician known as the father of epidemiology for determining the source of the 1854 Broad Street cholera epidemic in London
Common source spread	a case in which there is a single source for all of the individuals infected
Point source spread	a case in which the common source of an infection operates for a short time period—less than the incubation period of the pathogen
Continuous common source spread	a case in which the infection occurs for an extended period of time, longer than the incubation period
Intermittent common source spread	a case in which infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again.
Propagated spread	occurs through direct or indirect person-to-person contact. With propagated spread, there is no single source for infection; each infected individual becomes a source for one or more subsequent infections.
Who is Florence Nightingale?	Analyzed data for causes of illnesses and death of war in 1854. She determined that the leading cause of death was infectious disease
Who is Joseph Lister?	He provided early epidemiological evidence leading to good public health practices in clinics and hospitals.
Observational study	data are gathered from study participants through measurements (such as physiological variables like white blood cell count), or answers to questions in interviews (such as recent travel or exercise frequency); No manipulation of subjects
Descriptive epidemiology	gathers information about a disease outbreak, the affected individuals, and how the disease has spread over time in an exploratory stage of study
Analytical epidemiology	employs carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak. The selection of cases is generally made at random, so the results are not biased because of some common characteristic of the study participants (can be retrospective or prospective)
Retrospective studies	gather data from the past on present-day cases
Prospective studies	follow individuals and monitor their disease state during the course of the study.
Cohort method	examines groups of individuals (called cohorts) who share a particular characteristic.
Case-control studies	typically retrospective and compare a group of individuals with a disease to a similar group of individuals without the disease; far more efficient than cohort studies because researchers can deliberately select subjects who are already affected with the disease as opposed to waiting to see which subjects from a random sample will develop a disease.
Cross-sectional study	analyzes randomly selected individuals in a population and compares individuals affected by a disease or condition to those unaffected at a single point in time.
Experimental epidemiology	uses laboratory or clinical studies in which the investigator manipulates the study subjects to study the connections between diseases and potential causative agents or to assess treatments.
Passive carrier	A carrier contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host; however, a passive carrier is not infected.
Active carrier	is an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others. An active carrier may or may not exhibit signs or symptoms of infection.
Asymptomatic carriers	Active carriers who do not present signs or symptoms of disease despite infection
Definitive host	the parasite’s preferred host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.
Intermediate hosts	in which the parasite goes through several immature life cycle stages or reproduces asexually.
Vehicle transmission	refers to the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as water, food, and air
Mechanical transmission	is facilitated by a mechanical vector, an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself
Biological transmission	when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another

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Microbiology: Module 9 (Epidemiology and diseases)

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