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| Frage | Antworten |
| Weak Induction | The premise provide some support for the confusion but not enough to make a strong argument |
| Appeal to Unqualified Authority | Argument is based o views of an authority that lacks credibility |
| Appeal to Ignorance | When a premise states that nothing has been proved by one way or another, and the conclusion makes a definitive assertion |
| Begging the Question | Creating the illusion of support for the confusion, but support for (a) kept point(s) is never given |
| Three specific ways for begging the question | 1. Create the illusion the premise supports the conclusion by leaving out a shake key premise 2. Restating a possibility false premise as the conclusion 3. Reasoning in a circle |
| Terms without nouns | Nouns and pronouns that denote classes |
| Nonstandard Verbs | Adding the copulas into statement |
| Singular Propositions | A propositions that makes an assertion about a specific person, place, thing, or time |
| Adverbs and Pronouns | Adverbs: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, or nowhere, when, whenever, anytime, always, or never Translated to: places, times Pronouns: who, whoever, anyone, what, whatever, anything Translated to: people or things |
| Unexpressed Quantifiers | The quantifiers must be guided by the most probable meaning of the statement |
| Nonstandard Quantifiers | Example: A few soldiers are heroes > Some soldiers are heroes |
| Conditional Statements | When the antecedent and consequent of a conditional statement refer to the same class of things, that statement can usually be translated into categorical form if > subject only if > predicate |
| Exclusive Propositions | Only, none but, none except, and no...except > goes into predicate term |
| "The only" | Translates into all |
| Exceptive Propositions | "All except S are P" and "All but S are P" must be translated into two statements |
| Syllogisms | A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion |
| Categorical Syllogism | Uses categorical prepositions Ex: All students are people. Some students are bio majors. Therefore, some bio majors are people. |
| Major Term | The predicate of the conclusion in the argument |
| Minor Term | The subject of the conclusion |
| Middle Term | One that occurs premise and does not occur in the conclusion |
| Pointers for Venn Diagrams | 1. Marks are only made for premises 2. The universal premise should be entered first 3. Give the third circle minimal attention 4."Some S are P" means "At least one S exists and that S is a P" and "Some S are not P" means "At least one S exists and that S is not a P" 5. Shade ALL the area in question 6. the X goes in the unshaded part if the circle is shaded, the not shaded part the X goes on the line 7. X should not go where it would be outside of the diagram |
| Boolean Rules | 1. Middle term must be distributed at least once 2. If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise 3. Two negative premises are not allowed 4. A negative premise requires a negative conclusion and a negative conclusion requires a negative premise 5. If both premises are universal the conclusion cannot be particular |
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