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| Frage | Antworten |
| Definitions of abnormality | Social norms Failure to function Statistical infrequency - outside 2 stdev Deviation from ideal mental health - Jahoda created criteria |
| Phobias (types) | Specific phobias - objects, animals, situations (not social) Social anxiety/phobia - social situations e.g.. public speaking Agoraphobia - being outside or in a public space (where it is difficult to get to a safe place) |
| Phobias (explanation) | Behavioural approach 2 process model Classical conditioning to develop phobia, operant conditioning to have upkeep of phobia Little Albert study De Jongh et al - 73% of people with dental phobia had trauma, 21% with no phobia had trauma |
| Phobias (characteristics) | Behavioural - panic over stimulus, avoidance over stimulus, endurance over stimulus Emotional - anxiety, fear, unreasonable responses for stimulus Cognitive - irrational beliefs, selective attention, cognitive distortions (unrealistic perceptions) |
| Systematic desensitisation - phobias (treatment) | Creating a hierarchy of fear and tackling the list one by one to loose the phobia - based on the idea if you understand it is not a danger you stop the operant conditioning cycle therefore the phobia dies Smith and Glass - effect size .91 |
| Flooding - phobias (treatment) | Having an intense and long experience of stimulus - based on the idea you can only stay in fear state for so long (sympathetic state/parasympathetic state) there when you calm down you understand it is not a danger you stop the operant conditioning cycle therefore the phobia dies Smith and Glass - effect size .64 |
| Depression (explanation) | Cognitive approach Based on the idea that irrational and negative thoughts cause depression 2 main theories: Back's negative triad, Ellis' ABC model |
| Beck's negative triad - depression (explanation) | A triad of negative thoughts: self, world, future Causes depression due to the fact they are irrational |
| Ellis' ABC model - depression (explanation) | Depression starts because of: an Activation event which leads to irrational Beliefs which Cause depression |
| Depression (characteristics) | |
| Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - depression (treatment) | Different type depending on which theory used as base: CBT (Beck, homework and working through beliefs to change them), RBET (expanding on ABC to ABCDE, D=dispute and E=effect, mostly arguments) March et al - 81% effective, same as drug therapies, combine the both for the best (86% effective) Ali et al - 53% relapse rate within 1 year of treatment, short term effects only |
| OCD (explanations) | Biological approach Genetic theory - 230 candidate genes that could cause OCD, family heritage (68% MZ twins vs 31% DZ twin concordance rate) Neural theory - Serotonin - reduced serotonin leads to come communications being missed, therefore explaining some OCD characteristics Decision making - impaired ability to make discissions due to frontal lobes or parahippocampal gyrus being unable to function normally Saxena and Raunch - meta-review of PET, fMRI, and MRI scans that show consistent links between abnormal brain functions (specifically in orbital frontal cortex) and OCD |
| OCD (characteristics) | |
| Drug therapy - OCD (treatment) | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used for most people Soomro et al - SSRIs more effective than placebos Soomro et al - reduced symptoms for 70% of takers, other similar drugs helped the other 30% |
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