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| Frage | Antworten |
| Medicine through Time History | ... |
| What did the Greeks believed caused diesease? | -The imbalance of the Four Humours -The gods |
| How did the Greeks deal with disease? | -They attempted to balance the four humours, this may have involved blood letting and purging -They visited an Asclepion |
| What were Asclepious' daughters called? | Panacea and Hygieia |
| What did Hipporates come up with? | The theory of the Four Humours and Clinical diagnosis |
| What were the stages of Clinical diagnosis | Diagnosis --> Prognosis --> Observation --> Treatment |
| Why did the Romans invent Public health? | -They needed healthy soldiers to control the Empire -Healthy workers and Merchants were also needed to keep the Empire prosperous |
| Name 6 different features of Roman Public Health | -Aqueducts -Reservoir -Sewers -Public Latrines -Public fountains -Bath-houses |
| What was Britain like before the Romans invaded? | -There were no towns -Britons often lived in roundhouses -Hygiene was not a priority |
| When was the Roman invasion? | AD43 |
| Did Galen deserve his reputation? | Some may say yes because: -He was a skilled doctor -He could prove his theories -He developed old ideas -He used knowledge of other cultures -He wrote over 60 books |
| Who was more important in the history of Medicine: Galen or Hippocrates? | See below |
| ...Hippocrates | Hippocrates: -Created many ideas that were believed for a long time e.g. The Theory of the Four Humours -Created a new way of treating patients which is still used today (Clinical Diagnosis) |
| ...Galen | -Devolped on old ideas and came up with new ones e.g Theory of four Humours to the Teory of Opposites -Disscoverd that the brain controls the body not the Heart |
| When was the Medieval period? | 500AD-1500 |
| What three tribes invaded Roman Britain? | -Angles -Jutes -Saxons |
| What was the Medieval public health like? Why? | -It began to deteriorate -The invaders did not have the skill to fix the broken down buildings -They also concentrated on wars so they built temporary buildings from wood |
| What were the beliefs of the cause of disease in Medieval London? | -The theory of the four humours -Miasma -Astrology -Jews |
| What were the main treatments of disease in the Medieval period? | -Herbs and remedies -Balancing the four humours -Praying to a God (Christianity) |
| How was the public health like in the Medieval period? | -Streams and lakes provided drinking water (No aqueducts) -Wells provided drinking water (No public fountains) -Cesspools were used (No public latrines or good sewage system |
| Why were people still reading Galen in 1350? | -Nobody could test or challange against him. -He had scientific evidence -Most of the other knowledge was destroy when the Empire collapsed -Communication between doctors was very limited -The Church believed that Galens work fitted in tith Christian ideas |
| How did the Church have such a big impact on the development of medicine? | -The Church controlled education -It told people how to behave -Universities were set up by the Church and students were trained about what the Church wanted them to believe. |
| Why was there medical stagnation in the medieval period? | -Loss of medical knowledge - Emphasis on authority rather than observation and investigation -Lack of resources and skill to rebuild Public health -Socially stagnant: no comunication |
| How did the Church help the development of medicine? | -Set up medical schools and trained doctors e.g in Paris -Churches and monasteries looked after the sick -Cathedrals and monatries had clean water -The Church set up the first hospitals (St Barts in 1123) |
| In what ways did the Church hinder the development of medicine, during the Medieval period? | -Doctors were only trained using Galen's ideas (experiments were only done to prove Galen's theories) -Dissection was banned by the Church until the 14th Century because people could potentially find new ideas -People were severely punished for going against the Church's ways -There was an over emphasis on Religious based cures instead of scientfic |
| When was the Black Death? | 1348-1350 |
| What can we learn about Medieval beliefs about the causes of disease from the Black Death? | -Many beliefs were very superstitious. e.g. -The wrath of God Astrology and the atmosphere Evil humours |
| What can we learn about the cures of disease believed in the medieval period? | They were very superstitious. e.g -Avoid overeating or overdrinking -Drinking 10 yr/o treacle -Flogging to please God -The King's evil But also believed in balancing the four humours |
| Name 3 old ideas about the cause of the Black Death | -Miasma -Astrology -The gods/God |
| Name two new ideas about the cause of the Black Death | Quack doctor theories Jews |
| Where did the Black death originate from? | Asia. It then started to spread across Europe |
| Name 5 different types of Doctors in the Medieval period. | - Trained Physician -Apothecary -Barber-surgeon -Housewife-physician -Quack doctors |
| How did medieval surgery progress? | -Frequent warfare meant that surgeon's skills were in hugh demand -Surgeons realised that wine could be used as an antiseptic and other natural substances as an anaesthetic. -This meant that they could perform external as well as internal surgery |
| Give an example of a type of surgical proceedure that may have been carried out in the medieval period. | Treaphining; drilling the skull to let the demon out |
| How dirty was Britain, in the middle ages? | They were quite clean, personally: - They had their own programme for health -Kings passed laws to keep the streets clean -Guy de Chauliac realised the importance of a good diet -Many towns produced quarintine laws and boarded up the houses of infected ones, at the time of the Plauge |
| Describe the knowledge of the time of 500AD-1500 | -Knowledge went in reverse; -many Greek and Roman books were destroyed - Many people became superstitious -Lectures in Uni became so basic -The Church banned dissections which lead to numerous errors (Alderotti--> combing the hair "comforts the brain") |
| How did people see the doctors of the Medieval period? | "...doctors were useless and indeed shameful as they dared not visit the sick for fear of becoming infected"- Guy de Chauliac |
| What did doctors usually carry around with them? | -The Vadmecum which cotained a urine chart ad some nice smelling items as they believed in the idea of Miasma |
| What does "Renaissance" mean? | The Re-birth |
| What was there a re-birth in? | -Art -Geography -Scientific understandings |
| Who was Andreas Vesalius? | A professer in Pauda |
| What were some of Vesalius' achievements? | -He had written a book called "on the fabric of the Human body" 1543 -He was able to prove Galen wrong |
| In what ways did Vesalius prove Galen wrong? | -He proved that the jaw is only one bone -Our kidneys are the same height |
| How and why did Vesalius develop opposition? | -Many critiscied his books because they found it hard to "accept [that] there were somethings that [Galen] was wrong about" |
| Who was William Harvey? | He was the physician to the English kings (James I & Charles I) |
| What achievements did Harvey make? | -Wrote a book called "On the Motion of the Heart" in 1628 -Able to prove Galen wrong |
| In what ways did Harvey prove Galen wrong? | -Proved that the blood circulates and is re-used in the body, not absorbed by the muscles |
| How and why did people oppose his ideas? | -They didn't really care because it "didn't cure disease" |
| When was the Great Plauge? | 1665-1666 |
| How many people died (approx.) in the Great plauge? | 80,000 |
| What were one of the factors that helped the Great Plague to spread? | -The fact that houses were so close together |
| Name two things that the government did during the plague. | -Sent out watchmen to keep the sick in their houses and Plague doctors, who cared and recorded the sick |
| What were the three main beliefs for the cause of the Great Plague? | -Miasma -Cats/Dogs -Bad quarintine |
| What was the impact of the plague in London? | -People became extremely cautious. So much so that they "would not take [the meat] off the butcher's hands but off the hooks themselves." -Defoe 1665 -People fled the town: "all the town almost going out of town" |
| Name three of the governments response, at the time of the plague. | -Locked up the sick -Paid people to record and care for the sick -Organised public prayers and fasting |
| Name some similarities between the Great Plague and The Black Death. | -Many thought caused by cats/dogs -caused by rats but nobody knew -Disease spread very quickly - God and Miasma were very important factors |
| Name some differences between the Great Plague and the Black Death. | -Government did more in the Great Plague -More people died in the Black Death -The Great Plague had more scientific theories whereas the Black Death was more religious |
| What are some of the differences between Medieval and Renaissance doctors? | -Renaissance doctors started to use Harvey and Vesalius' ideas more -Medieval doctors were not as trained -Students were more practical during the renaissance -The royal college of Physicians trained and licensed university-educated doctors -Training was organised by the Church in the Medieval period, rather than Universities |
| When was the Industrial Revolution? | 1500-1900 |
| Name three factors that lead to the change in medicine. | -People's attitudes toward the sick changed: the wealthy wanted to improve everybody's health -Scientific and medical knowledge improved rapidly -Te attitude of the government changed: it began to force councils to improve public health |
| When was the first inoculation discovered? | 1850 |
| Why were some against receiving an inoculation? | -Some had died from the mild dose and some had become carriers |
| How was the realisation of vaccinations founded? | -Jenner realised that if dairy maids had caught cowpox, then they were less likely to catch smallpox -He thought this could be a way to preventing smallpox -He recorded 23 different cases and came to a conclusion that "the cowpox prevents the human constitution from the infection smallpox" |
| When and where Jenner submit his findings? | -The royal society 1798 |
| What does revolution mean? | A rapid change |
| Name three inventions that happened during this time. | -The spinning Jenny -The locomotive -The steam train -Factories |
| Why did Jenner have such big oppositions? | -He did not fully understand his theory himself, which meant that he could not respond to the criticism -Some people just didn't like anything new -Some did not accept the evidence and saw vaccinations as dangerous -Also doctors who were making money wanted vested intrest |
| When was the first vaccination? | 1796 |
| When was vaccination first made compulsory? | 1852. However it was not strictly enforced |
| When were vaccinations compulsory and strictly enforced? | 1872 |
| Who invented the microscope? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Why were vaccinations successful? | -The government gave him a 30,000 grant -He published a book which improved the communication around the world -Other countries helped show that it worked (e.g. France & USA) |
| What did Pasteur discover? | -Micro-organisms were in the air and floated down rather than them being created as result of the beer going sour |
| In what year was Pastuer's Beer investigation? | 1857 |
| When was the Germ Theory discovered? | 1861 |
| When were theses vaccine created? Chicken Cholera Anthrax | 1880 1881 |
| Who was Koch? | He became a pioneer of the new science of bacteriology |
| What did Koch prove? | -That one specific germ is the cause for one specific disease |
| What and when were the microbes which caused Anthrax Tuberculosis Cholera found? | -1875 -1882 -1883 |
| How did Koch prove his findings? | -He used microscope and cameras. For smaller microbes he used industrial dye to stain them |
| Why were Pasteur and Koch so successful? | -The Government supported them -They could prove their theories and findings -The use of improved scientific knowledge and technology - |
| How were cities like in the Industrial revolution? | -Population increased rapidly so people were more cramped, meaning that disease spread more quickly |
| Why did disease spread so quickly during the industrial revolution? | -Contamination -Cramped and poor housing -Poor living conditions and sanitation -No building regulation |
| When was the first cholera outbreak? | 1832 |
| What was the Boards of health? | -A group of experts who were in charge of public health in certain areas |
| When were the boards of health set up? | 1832 |
| When was the second cholera outbreak? | 1848 |
| Who was Chadwick? | -He wrote a report that showed a direct link between living conditions and disease and life expectancy |
| What did Chadwick recommend? | -Removing the waste from the streets -Drainage system -An improved water supply |
| When was Chadwick's report? | 1842 |
| Why did nothing happen after Chadwick's report? | The government didn't see public health as a priority |
| What happened in 1848? | The second cholera outbreak. This caused the government to change and focus on public health |
| Why did people oppose the governments changes to public health after 1848? | -Taxes would have had to increase -The belief of Laissez-faire |
| Describe the first public health act. | -It was set up in 1848 as a result of the second cholera outbreak -It was compulsory -It was not strictly enforced |
| What were some of the main diseases in the 19th century? | -Typhoid -Tuberculosis -Cholera -Smallpox |
| When was the third cholera outbreak? | 1854 |
| What was John Snow's theory? | That cholera was spread by water |
| When and what was Snow's discovery? | -1854 -That when the handle from the water pump on Broad St. was removed, the number of deaths fell dramatically |
| What happened in 1854? | -2nd cholera outbreak -John snow's discovery -The Crimean war |
| Where did Florence nightingale take 38 nurses to? | A hospital in Scutari |
| How were the hospitals? | The had dirty conditions and many soldiers died from preventable conditions |
| What changes did Nightingale make? | -Washed the bedding and the wards -Made it more spacious -Gave the soldiers better food |
| How was the death rate after Nightingale? | It fell from 40% to 2% |
| Why was Nightingale so successful? | -Wrote books Saved thousands of lives -Could prove it -Decreased the death rate |
| When were the liberal Reforms? | 1906-1911 |
| Why did the L.R occur? | -40% of volunteers for the Boer war(1902) suffered from malnutrition and disease |
| What were the Liberal Reforms promise? | to "care for the sick, the aged and above all the children" -Churchill 1906 |
| Who realised that poverty was caused by sickeness, old age and lack of employment? | Charles Booth |
| What were the actions of the Peoples budget? | To tax the rich to help the poor |
| When was the National insurance act made? | 1911 |
| What did the National insurance act (1911) do? | -Gave workers 26 weeks pay and free medical treatment -They offered unemployment benefits |
| Were there any problem with the Liberal Reforms (1906-1911) | -They left out women. (Pensions were primarily for men) |
| Name acts dealing with: -Children -Health and sickness | -1907 School medical inspections -1906 workers compensation act |
| Name some differences between the Renaissance and I.R medical knowledge. | -R: Universities were run by the Church -I.R: Criminals were allowed to be dissected -I.R: You needed qualification to become a doctor -R: Doctors were taught Harvey and Vesalius' ideas -I.R: Doctors were specialised |
| Who was Paul Ehrlich? | A member of Koch's research team. |
| What did Ehrlich discover? | The first Magic bullet. It was called Salvarsan 606 and it treated syphilis. |
| When was the first magic bullet made? | 1909 |
| What were some of the factors that contributed to the discovery of the first magic bullet? | -Pastuer's germ theory (1861) showed how disease spread -Koch's discovery that one specific microbe was the cause of a disease -Personal qualities: Teamwork |
| When was the discovery of penicillin? | 1928 |
| Who discovered penicillin? | Fleming |
| What was the journey of penicillin? | -Fleming discovered mould prevented spread of disease -Too expensive to try and purify it -Left the work in the 1930s -Florey and Chain published Fleming's work and looked into the investigation -By 1940 they had made a purified version of penicilin -Tested it on mice and it worked -First human trial at Oxford -Ran out of Penicilin -Went to drug industry to make enough -Florey went to Russia to spread idea -In wide use by 1944 |
| What were the factors that affected Penicillin? | -War -Key individuals -Chance -Government -Science and technology -Communications |
| When was the NHS set up? | In 1948 (100 years after the first public health act and the second cholera outbreak) |
| Was there opposition to the NHS? | -Doctors opposed the NHS because they were making money off of the rich who could pay for healthcare. -They thought that they would lose money in the long run |
| When was the Beveridge Report? | 1942(100 Years after the Chadwick report) |
| What did the Bevridge report lead to? | The NHS |
| What did the Beveridge report consist of? | -The belief of the 5 Giant Evils |
| What were the 5 giant Evils? | -Poverty -Laziness -Unemployment -Mess -Ignorance |
| Who was the minister for Health that set up the NHS? | Nye Bevan |
| Who were the biggest opposition to the NHS? | The British Medical Association |
| Why was the BMA an opposition to the NHS? | -They were afraid that it would take over medicine -They wanted doctors to be paid per patient and not have a salary |
| What were some differences between doctors in C19th and C20th | -Doctors had to train for 7 years in the C20th and nurses had to train for 3 -The Royal college of nurses only allowed men to be nurses in 1939 -There was little be to be done about the treatment of disease in the C19th -Doctors tended to become specialised in different parts of the body |
| Name four types of alternative medicine. | -Acupuncture -Radio therapy -Herbal remedies -Crystal healing -Yoga |
| When was the discovery of the structure of DNA? | 1953 |
| Who were the four people who were involved with the discovery of the DNA structure? | -Watson -Crick -Franklin -Wilkins |
| What project lead from the discovery of the DNA structure and when? | -The Human Genome project 1990-2003 |
| Name some medical treatments that could be performed as a result of DNA discovery | -Genetic therapy -Genetic screening -Customised drugs |
| How was the structure of DNA found? | Franklin discovered a picture of the DNA structure called "Photograph 51". -It was shown to Watson and Crick by her college Wilkins, without her consent. -They then used their own knowledge and Franklin's picture to form a scientific conlusion. |
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