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Erstellt von Grace Feakes
vor mehr als 10 Jahre
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Frage | Antworten |
As conditions change we____new behaviours and____old ones | 1. learn 2. eliminate |
Why do we eliminate certain behaviours? | They are no longer of use to us due changes in conditions |
Learning theory | The laws of learning discovered by theorists |
Give 2 advantages of learning theory | 1. applies across many species, not just humans 2. applied in many contexts where behavioural change is desirable |
Name the 3 categories of learning | Habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning |
Single stimulus | Habituation |
Stimulus-stimulus | Classical conditioning |
Response stimulus | Operant conditioning |
Pavlovian conditioning is also known as... | Classical conditioning |
Instrumental conditioning is also known as... | Operant conditioning |
Habituation | When we learn not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly |
Orienting response | A behavioral reaction to a changed, new, or abrupt stimulant. Commonly referred to as orienting reflex |
An____response will cause you move towards an unexpected noise | Orienting |
Classical conditioning | Form of learning where one stimulus is paired with another so the the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli |
Distinguish between innate and learned behaviours | Innate-> is developmentally fixed, despite differences in environments Learned-> is modified by our experiences |
Pavlov believed behaviour was____. | Reflexive |
After Pavlov's experiments, what changed in terms of the dog's' salivation? | The dogs were trained to respond to a neutral stimulus i.e. what was originally a neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus |
Habituation and classical conditioning both involve learning about____stimuli | External |
Involves learning about relationships between our own responses and their consequences (effects have have on the environment) | Operant conditioning |
What happens in Thorndike's law of effect experiment? (the one with the cat in the box) | The cat eventually learns to escape (effective escapes increase) however there was no proof that the cats were aware of any connection |
Operant | In Skinner's system, an instrumental response thats defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environment |
Response amplitude | The strength of the response |
Acquisition | The first stages of learning when a response is established |
The more pairings introduced, the____the conditioned response | Higher |
How is intensity related to the strength of the conditioned response? | The more intense/strong the unconditioned stimulus, the higher the conditioned response |
Delayed presentation | When the CS is presented slightly before the US so there is a delay between the two |
Comment on the effectiveness of simultaneous presentation | Very little predictive value, is a lot less effective than delayed presentation, no useful associations are made |
Backward presentation | US is presented before CS (e.g. the food is presented to the dog before the tone) |
What may the effectiveness of trace presentation depend on? | The strength of the delay between the CS and US |
Which method of presentation is most effective? | Delayed presentation |
What does the optimal delay depend on? | The unconditional stimulus being presented |
Extinction | When stimuli cease to be predictive and the effects of conditioning drop off |
When does extinction occur? | When animals need to adapt their performance in a particular behaviour due to a change in experience |
Spontaneous recovery | After the rest period (when neither CS or US are presented) the next presentation of the CS will produce a CR again |
True or false: Spontaneous recovery only happens once after extinction | False, it can occur multiple times, however each time the CS gets weaker |
Why does spontaneous recovery occur? | Because the context has changed |
Total extinction | When spontaneous recovery no longer occurs |
Higher order conditioning | Once a CS-US association has been established the CS can be used to condition further stimuli |
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High order conditioning |
True or false: first-order conditioning produces a higher CR strength than second-order | True |
The tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning elicit a reaction similar to the learned response | Stimulus generalisation |
True or false: when presented with a slightly higher/lower tone than that presented in training, the animal will produce a lower response | True |
Different consequences may follow the same behavior in different situations. When we respond differently in those different situations, we have formed a discrimination between the situations. | Stimulus discrimination |
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