Sociology Final

Frage	Antworten
Sociology	study of behavioral science, social inequality
Trends related to social inequality in the US	1950s-70s: inequality, but as economy increased, wealth increased 70s: economy increased, only top 1% increased (unprecedented)
Why is social inequality happening?	globalization, technology, political economy
Globalization	introduction of market economies instead of industries being owned by government, increased competition with other countries
Political economy	political decisions being made, priorities are being established capital labor dichotomy - $ going to people on top bc policies favor them
Technology	automation - more and more jobs are becoming automated and don't need people increases profits, decreases jobs
Effects of inequality	life expectancy - example white working males life expectancy is decreasing due to suicide, drugs, and alcohol
Trend of $ inequality	most people are stuck, only top 1% is increasing, productivity is increasing while wages are static
populism	hold political leaders as responsible for distribution of wealth
Social Class - Subjective	refers to things like lifestyles, ideas (everyone says they're middle class) independent of reality, idea that there are cultural differences
Social Class- Relational	socioeconomic status - relationship to society life status and opportunity depend on each other
Ascribed status	status assigned at birth
Ideology	ideas that help stabilize structure of inequality, change of mobility legitimizes structure
Social Capital	social relationships, who you know, networks = advantages
Cultural Capital	cultures that exist at working class are different than middle class, etc based just on cultural characteristics - can be seen lacking intelligence, inferior
meritocracy	people are where they are in life due to individual merit
Red-Lining	gov pushed idea of home ownership, different areas had different colors, zero % to do with security, 100% race - created concentration of groups of various neighborhoods by race (1964)
Race	physical attributes a social construct - no biological attributes long history of saying there are bio attributes explains inequality became concept post-enlightenment as an attempt to legitimize inequality
Eugenics	the "science" of race, society needs to separate inferior from superior to avoid "mixing" notion that there are "pure" races
Ethinicity	cultural attributes
Ethnicity Gains	have been gains, but gaps between different ethnicitys remains the same
Majority vs Minority	arranges society in a way for majority to keep their status - majority feels threatened, use power to adjust society to secure status - requires some kind of demonistion of minority group
Institutional discrimination	not necessarily intentional, built into way institution operates
Pay Gap	depends on degree and type of job, but when comparing same exact job, gap is smaller but still there
Cause of inequality	culture not nature
glass ceiling	institutional discrimination, not necessarily intentional - with gender
Instrumental	males - bias towards this
Expressive	females
Education	more education = more opportunity
public education	funded through local property taxes - more affluent = better school system, quality varies
social institutions	structured patterns of behavior designed to address fundamental social needs
List of core institutions (necessary for any society to survive)	family, education, religion, economy, government and politics
structure	HOW --- how various societies go about following core institutions
function	WHAT --- is needed, what each institution does, same in every society
Economy	organized consumption, distribution of basic needs
Capitalism	first "modern" economic system private ownership, free markets, economic freedom, means of production - ownership falls to specific individuals to contribute to individual wealth problem:inequality, tends toward monopolies
Socialism	state ownership, the collective good, planned markets owned by state, economic equality problems: not enough models to look to
Government and Politics	gov provides order, assures security authority needed for government to work = consent (legitimizes organization)
Democracy	system that functions essentially from the bottom - up. "we the people"
Democracy in theory	people govern themselves, "the state vs ___", the public sphere - exists outside of state. example, the will of people choose income tax through voting or public opinion
Problems with democracy	very low voter turnout, laws often become will of certain people and therefore distorted, political alienation (sense of disconnection) political apathy (feel as though votes don't matter)
Authority: Rational - Legal	system of government set up around the rule of law and equal protection under the law based on abstract laws and principles ruler has to follow laws as well laws applied equally
Authority - Traditional	rooted in traditional beliefs doesn't occur to people to question authority ie: divine rights
Special Interest Groups	set up PAC (political action committee) and pool resources ($) to go to representatives and lobby rely on $ - donations to "convince" representative to vote a certain way
Public Opinion	will of people may be different than will of special interest groups - PACs spend $ on trying to influence public to change opinion
PACs and Propaganda	use to shape the public opinion so it's "safer" for representative to vote the way PACs want them to
demagogue	comes around when public is frustrated and angry, says they will fix everything through sheer force (impossible) ie donald trump

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	Erstellt von laura russo vor fast 9 Jahre