Ch. 7- Water Security

Frage	Antworten
Nova Group bulk water exports	2005 IJC agreement to ban
water security	condition of water resource, extent to which it's threatened by overuse, contamination
threats to water security	pop, urbanization, globalization, climate change, bioterrorism
water security solutions	more than engineering, structural-- soc and govt--eliminating wasteful and inefficient use
what percent of world's total renewable water resource does Canada have?	7
threats to Canada's water security	much of water is not renewable. much in sparsely populated areas. temporal/spatial variation in runoff threatened by human stress
mean annual discharge vs reliable monthly	mean annual varies too much temporally. reliable monthly=flow equalled or exceed all but one month in 10 years
withdrawal vs in-stream	in-stream incl hydropower
how many L do Cdns use per day	329 (2x Europeans, 9x East Africans)
largest water using	cooling during thermal power production (little is consumed though)-- agriculture consumes most-- Ontario lgst water withdrawer, AB lgst consumer
%incr water use last decade	14%
point vs non-point source pollution	point-industrial,sewage non-point- agriculture
groundwater use	2% of total withdrawals but used by 30% of Cdns, 82% of rural residents, 43% and 14% of agricultural and industrial use
how much for drought-related insurance payouts 2000	$1 billion
benefits of water allocation	reduce conflict, promote efficient use, enhance water security
intl trade agreements	NAFTA (Canada, US, Mexico), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (through WTO)-- eroding Canada's sovereignty?
Boundary Waters Treaty (1909)	drought in 1892->irrigation. AB using water from St Mary River, rises in Montana. Users in US didn't respect AB's needs. Milk river also rises in Montana, flows into AB, back to Montana. Cdns would have diverted water from Milk into St Mary ->IJC
Great Lakes-St Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement	protect and conserve water of basin
NAFTA concerns	will intl trade agreements prevent Canada from protecting and managing its water? Will Canada be forced to permit bulk water exports to US? If bulk water exports take place, can they be stopped?
NAFTA's treatment of water	water is included when it is a "good" (ex ingredient in food or water), but not specifically excluded in natl state. 93- statement issued to exclude water when it is not a good. 2001- Act to amend Intl Boundary Waters Treaty Act- prohibit bulk water removal
virtual water	volume of water reqd to produce a commodity ("embedded" in the commodity)
what ranking is Canada for virtual water export?	second after Australia. US imports a lot of Canada's virtual water, ex beef
Alberta Environment's moratorium on new water licenses	three southern Saskatchewan river basins affected. water overallocated
North-west Irrigation Act 1894	AB, SK, MB- water allocation takes place through licenses from prov govt. prior appropriation model- ppl who put water to use create legal entitlement to that water, first person to use has strongest right
Ontario water allocation	riparian rights (for water that flows in known defined channels). rule of capture (groundwater) based on outdated knowledge of when use was small, supply was great, knowledge was incomplete
riparian rights	a person who owns land that borders on or is crossed by a watercourse with a known and defined channel is entitled to receive water undiminished in quantity or quality, may make reasonable use of that water, does not have to use the water to keep rights, can be sued for interfering with another riparian's rights
rule of capture	groundwater--landowners may withdraw as much percolating water as they wish and are not liable for interferences resulting from the water-taking. They don't own the water unless they capture it.
conflicts in ON water allocation	activities that consumed a lot of water negatively effect downstream users, not all activities using a lot of water located on water bodies
OWRA	Ontario Water Resources Act (61) = permit system reqs that if you take more than 50000L/day you must have a Permit to Take Water. directors have considerable discretion
Problems w Permit to Take water	poor data collection, inadequate reqs for local consultation, weak provisions for protecting evmtl water reqs. many concerns addressed new regulations 2004,7
ON Low Water Response	responding to droughts, water shortage -local, watershed based BUT unwillingness to enforce restrictions when economic losses result
future problems for ON water	drought, low stream flow, reduced groundwater
factors in water quality	physical, chemical, biological properties
threats to water quality	sewage+agriculture (phosphorous, nutrients, bacteria, chemicals), industrial facilities
Cdn Envmtl Quality Guidelines	not enforceable. diff lvls for drinking water, agriculture, etc
treatment, point, non-point	end of pipe treatment progress. agriculture (non-point)- voluntary best mgmt adoption
water quality fed vs provincial	provs have primary responsibility, fed looks after boundary, interprov, Aboriginal, fish habitat, Cdn Water Act=collaboration on protection, Envmt Act=regulating toxic substances. shared responsibility for health, water-borne disease
Great Lakes water quality 1912	20-60x higher death rate than N Europe from typhoid fever, IJC found untreated sewage->chlorination rather than sewage treatment
1964 lower lakes reference	foundation for 72 GLWQA. IJC didn't get implementation authority but hot authority to monitor implementation of agreement incl water quality objectives
GLWQA	72-gave IJC monitoring implementation responsibility. water quality objectives esp nutrient loading- target achieved except Lake Erie by 2000. 78- agreement renegotiated w ecosystem approach- more emphasis on toxic contaminants
chemicals in Great Lakes	260 chemicals detected, 11 critical pollutants b/c toxicity, persistence, ability to recycle in envmt, tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify
Progress GLWQA	toxic contaminants declined, still above recommended lvls, Atmospheric PCBs declined
Remedial Action Plans	43 most degraded locations (Areas of Concern) around lakes, 17 of which in Canada.
Hamilton Harbour	slow progress. 500km2 watershed, 500000ppl, lg industries, steel producers. contaminated sediments (decades of industrial +municipal discharge), degraded water quality (storm, sewer outflows). $1billion to treat sediment
Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem	releases of mercury, dioxins, furans reduced 86-90% from 88, waterfowl habitat protected, restored, treatment infrastructure to reduce municipal waste
Walkerton	4800ppl, southern ON. groundwater from wells. contaminated water from well next to livestock farm. 7 dead, 2300 ill. preventable. negligent plant operator misled prov. authorities. Prov. govt had cut Ministry of Envmt budget 44% 95-97. livestock farm was operated properly- well was badly located, constructed.
Justice O'Connor Walkerton Inquiry	recommended integrated, multi-barrier approach to drinking water safety based on legal standards, regulation
integration	interaction of surface and groundwater, land and water

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