nutrition and disease

Frage	Antworten
What is the function of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the diet ?	Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are used by the body to release energy and to build cells.
In what quantities and for what purpose are mineral ions needed by the body?	Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body.
What does it mean if a person is malnourished ?	A person is malnourished if their diet is not balanced.
Describe the possible consequences of an unbalanced diet	This may lead to a person being overweight or underweight. An unbalanced diet may also lead to deficiency diseases or conditions such as Type 2 diabetes. b
What is the metabolic rate ?	The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out
List factors that may affect a person metabolic rate	1. varies with the amount of activity you do 2. The proportion of muscle to fat in your body. (more muscle = faster metabolic rate) 3. inherited factors.
Inherited factors also affect our health - give 1 example	cholesterol level
What are pathogens ?	Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogens.
Describe how bacteria and viruses make us ill	1.Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce poisons (toxins) that make us feel ill. 2. Viruses damage the cells in which they reproduce.
Describe how white blood cells help to defend against pathogens	■ ingesting pathogens ■ producing antibodies, which destroy particular bacteria or viruses ■ producing antitoxins
How does the body become immune to a specific pathogen ?	White blood cells produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen. This leads to immunity from that pathogen.
What important discovery did Semmelweis make ?	Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases
How did Semmelweis discovery help to save lives ?	By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital
Describe the use and limitations of painkillers ?	Some medicines, including painkillers, help to relieve the symptoms of infectious disease, but do not kill the pathogens.
What are antibiotics ?	Antibiotics, including penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body.
Why cant antibiotics be used on viruses' eg the flu?	Antibiotics cannot be used to kill viral pathogens, which live and reproduce inside cells ( to kill the virus you would have to kill the cell as well)
Describe 2 things that can lead to antibiotic resistance?	1.Overuse 2. inappropriate use
Give an example of a antibiotic resistant bacteria	MRSA
Describe how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria occur ?	1. mutation in bacteria make some resistant 2. antibiotics kill non- resistant strains 3. resistant strain survive and pass on their gene for resistance
Describe how vaccination works?	indroduce small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into the body (vaccination). Vaccines stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens.
What does the MMR vaccine protect against ?	MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella.
Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics. Describe the procedure for doing this ?	■ Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised to kill unwanted microorganisms ■ inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing through a flame ■ lid of the Petri dish secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.
What temperatures should cultures be incubated at in school laboratories and why?	In school and college laboratories, cultures should be incubated at a maximum temperature of 25°C, which greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans
Why are higher temperatures used to incubate cultures in industry ?	In industrial conditions higher temperatures can produce more rapid growth.
give 3 factors that affect how much energy a person needs	1. size of person 2. sex of person 3. amount of exercise 4. outside temperature 5. pregnancy
what is meant by a mutation	a change in a gene
how is a pandemic different to an epidemic	a pandemic occurs when a disease spreads between different countries , an epidemic is just in one country
why has MRSA led to so many deaths in hospitals	1. resistant to antibiotics 2. as it is a new strain 3. so people are not immune to it 4. patients in hospital are more susceptible to infection
Describe in detail the differences between antibody production after an injection of vaccine and after the person is later exposed to the pathogen.	After exposure to the pathogen: • greater number of antibodies produced • antibodies stay (in higher concentration) for longer • antibodies produced quicker
draw a graph to show the difference in antibody production after vaccination and after exposure to the real pathogen later	Image: 1ef001f5-79ee-4e61-8d03-bd1bf3060dc1.PNG (image/PNG)

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