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| Frage | Antworten |
| Characteristics of animals | - Limited growth - Move from one place to another - Bilateral symmetry - High level of interaction - Increasingly complex - Respiratory organs -Sexual reproduction - Internal and external fertilisation. Offspring development: direct or indirect. |
| Classification of the animal kingdom | Depending on whether they have a backbone and an internal skeleton made up of bones: VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. Scientic criteria: 40 groups or phyla |
| Characteristics of invertebrate animals | - They do not have a backbone - They are ectotherms (their temperature is dependent of the temperature outside their bodies. |
| Classification of invertebrates | - Porifera - Cnidarians - Flatworms - Nematodes - Annelids - Molluscs - Arthropods - Echinoderms |
| Porifera | SPONGES Porifera are aquatic sessile animals that mainly live in the sea. Asymmetrical or radial symmetry. No true tissues or organs. |
| Porifera characteristics | - Sac shaped. Pores. Internal skeleton: Spicules or spòngin. - Feed by using a filtration process. - Sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction by fragmentartion. |
| Structure and cells of porifera | |
| Cnidarians | Cnidarians are aquatic animals that have radial symmetry. Simple tissues and some of then have organs. |
| Cnidarians groups | - Polyps: Internal skeleton or mineral external skeleton. Jellyfish: Umbrella-shaped. Hydrostatic skeleton |
| Cnidarians characteristics | - Digestive cavity with a hole with tentacles around. -Cnidoblasts can paralise the prey. - Carnivores. No respiratory or excretory system. - Sexual reproduction. Polyps through budding. Some species alternating reproduction. |
| Worms | - ´Flatworms, Nematodes and annelids - Bilateral symmetry - Humid climates They do not have jointed appendages |
| Flatworms | Simplest animals that have bilateral symmetry and cephalisation of the nervous system. |
| Groups of flatworms | - Tapeworms: Parasites that live in the intestine of ogher animals. They are hermaphrodites. - Planarians: Humid climates (seas, rivers and lakes). Sexually and asexually. They can regenerate. Digestive cavity only has a single orifice in the middle of the body. |
| Nematodes | Worms with unsegmende cylindrical bodies. - Digestive system: Mouth and anus. - Sexual reproduction |
| Annelids | Worms with segmented cylindrical bodies divided into segments called metaremes - Complete digestive tube with a mouth and an anus - Aquatic (gills)/ terrestrial (cutaneous). Closed circulatory system. - Sexual reproduction |
| Molluscs | - Soft bodies and bilateral symmetry. - Aquatic. Exceptions: Snails and slugs |
| Characteristics of moluscs | - External layer (mantle) sorrounds internal organs. - Have a shell - Defined head - Muscular foot - Complete digestive tube - Aquatic (gills)/ Terrestrial (Cavity that works like lungs) -Sexual reproduction by internal fertilisation - Groups: Bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods |
| Bivalves | - Aquatic. Two external shells or valves joined by hinges. - Filter feeders. - Breathe through gills. |
| Gastropods | - External spiral-shaped shell. - Mouth and four tentacles. - Heart and open circulatory system |
| Cephalopods | - Their foot is next to the head. Internal shell (except octopi) - Head, tentacles with suction cups, jaw and closed circulatory system. |
| Arthropods | Most varied and largest phylum of the animal kingdom. |
| Arthropods characteristics | - Bilateral symmetry - Exoskeleton made of chitin. Moulting or ecdysis. - Segmented bodies - Appendages - Complete digestive system - Breathe through tracheas. Open circulatory system. - Nervous system and sense organs developed - Sexual reproduction by internal fertilisation. Metamorphosis. |
| Myriapods | Terrestrial arthropods. A pair of antennae. Bodies divided into segments with one of two pairs of legs on each of the segments. Breathe through tracheas an they are oviparous |
| Groups of myriapods | - Chilopoda (centipedes): One pair of legs on each segment. Carnivorous. Use his first pair of legs to capture prey. - Diplopoda (milipedes). Cilindrical bodies. Two pairs of legs on each segment. Herbivores or detritivores. |
| Arachnids | Terrestrial arthropods. Body: cephalothorax and abdomen. - 4 pairs of legs. No antennae. - Sensory appendages: Pedipalps - Chelicerae: Mouthpart. To inject prey with venom. - Types: Spiders, scorpions and mites |
| Crustaceans | - Body: cephalothorax and abdomen. - 2 pairs of antennae. - Five pair of legs. - Aquatic. - Mobile eyes, jaws, legs and antennae - Non- articulated appendages - Carnivorous. Filtration - Metamorphosis - Examples: Crabs, lobsters, barnacles and praws. |
| Insects | - Head, thorax and abdomen - A pair of antennae on the head and three on the thorax. One or Two pair of wings. Live on land - Compound eyes - Metamorphosis: -Incomplete: nymph - Complete: Larvae - pupa or chrisalys |
| Echinoderms | - Aquatic. Live in the sea - Radial symmetry - Ambulacral system - Dermoskeleton - Complete digestive system - Sexual reproduction with external fertilization. Asexually by fragmentation. |
| Classes of echinoderms | - Echinoids: Globular bodies with fuse plates and long spikes - Asteroideans: Starfish. Disc-shaped bodies with five arms - Holothurians: Sea cucumbers. Long bodies with no arms or spikes. |
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