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| Frage | Antworten |
| trait-descriptive adjectives | adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of a person -20,000 known traits |
| Personality | -set of psychological traits and mechanisms w/in individual: organized +relatively enduring -influenced by environment +adaptions |
| Psychological Traits | characteristics that describe ways in which ppl are different from others |
| average tendencies | overtime traits tend to emit lower or higher frequency |
| research looks at what 4 questions | 1. how many traits 2. organization of traits 3.origins of traits 4.correlation/consequence of traits |
| 3 reasons of usefulness for personality traits | 1. help describe people and difference created 2. explains behaviour 3. predict future behaviour |
| personality is | describing, explaining, predicting differences among individuals |
| psychological mechanisms | like traits except refers to the process of the personality |
| psychological mechanisms: 3 ingredients | 1. inputs 2. rules 3. outputs |
| within the individual | something a person carries with him/herself overtime from one situation from next. |
| Organized | psychological traits and mechanisms for a given person are not simply a random collection of elements |
| what is organized? | personality |
| psychological traits are_______ over time, particularly in adulthood | enduring |
| influential forces | personality means that personality traits and mechanisms can have an effect on people's lives -how we act, feel, interact with others and self, select environ. |
| person-environment interaction | interactions with situations include perceptions, selections, evocations, manipulations |
| perception | how we see/interpret environment |
| selection | the manner in which we choose situations to enter -choosing friends, jobs, hobbies, classes, careers |
| Evocations | reactions we produce in others, often quite unintentionally |
| Manipulations | ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others |
| adaptions | convey notion that a central feature of personality concerns adaptive functioning -goals, copying, adjusting, dealing |
| environment | poses challenges -direct threats to survival: temp, animals, food |
| Intrapsychic | within the mind -memories and dreams, desires, fantasies, private experiences |
| 3 levels of personality Kluckhohn +Murray | 1.like all others(human nature) 2.like some others(level of individual/group diff) 3.like no others(individual uniquness) |
| human nature | traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical for our species -need to belong, love |
| individual differences | ways in which each person is like some other ppl |
| differences among groups | differences in personality between groups of ppl -ex men vs. women |
| nomothetic | statistical differences of individuals & groups, requiring samples of subjects on which to conduct research |
| Idiographic | focuses on a single subject, trying to observe general principles that are manifest in a single life over time |
| grand theories of personality | Sigmund Freud instincts of sex and aggression, id, ego, superego universal statement |
| domain of knowledge | specialty area of science in which psychologists have focused on learning about specific, limited areas of human nature |
| researchers have developed: | 1. methods for asking questions 2. known facts 3.theoretical explanations |
| 6 domains of knowledge about human nature | 1. dispositional domain 2. biological domain 3. intrapsychic 4. cognitive experiential domain 5. social/cultural domain 6. adjustment domain |
| within each domain of personality: 2 elements | 1)theories and basic assumptions for each domain 2) empirical research accumulates |
| dispositional domain | deals centrally with ways in which individuals differ one another -cuts across all domains -interest in # & nature of fundamental dispositions |
| biological domain | collection of biological systems, building blocks for behavior, thought, emotion |
| 3 areas if biological domain | -genetics, evolution, psychophysiology -N.S. functioning |
| Intrapsychic domain | Freud's theory of psycho analysis - instinctual, sexual aggressive, defense mechanisms, denial repression |
| cognitive-experimental domain | cognition and subjective experience: feelings, thoughts, beliefs, desires, self-concept, goal-direction, expressing emotion |
| social/cultural domain | effects of personality from culture on behaviour, divorce, depression, isolation, sex difference |
| Adjustment domain | how we cope, adapt, adjust to ebb and flow of events, health related events, P.D., antisocial, MeD influence |
| a Good Theory has 3 purposes | 1. guide for researchers 2. organizes findings 3. makes predictions |
| theories | tested by systematic observation that can be repeated by others yielding similar results |
| beliefs | personally useful/crucially important, based on faith, not facts/observation |
| 5 scientific standards for evaluating personality theories | comprehensiveness, heuristic value, testability, parsimony, compatibility/integration across domains |
| comprehensiveness | theory is sound in explaining facts + observations, high in empirical findings |
| heuristic value | -entail a guide to steer researchers to find new discoveries in personality |
| testability | empirically testable, precision of prediction, falsifiable |
| parsimony | few assumptions and premises, although personality is complex |
| compatibility and integration across domains/levels | well-established principle has criterion in all domains, highlights and evaluates |
| grand unifying theory Darwin | theory of evolution -leads to many new discoveries |
| grand unifying theory | should unify all 6 domains there is no grand personality theory YET |
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