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| Frage | Antworten |
| Criminal Justice System | sequential stages of criminal justice through which an offender passes -police, courts, corrections |
| intimate violence | crime that occurs in a context of familiarity ex wife/child abuse |
| public fear of crime creates a ________ | barometer of social health and safe communities |
| violent behaviour is linked to | 1. Observational learning 2. Violent TV shows 3. trauma in childhood 4. mental illness 5. impaired senses/thinking 6.psychopathic personality |
| Criminology | scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behaviour |
| Criminologist | one who brings objectivity & method to study crime/consequences |
| criminology involves 3 things | law breaking, law making, crime control |
| difference between criminology and criminal justice | criminology - nature of crime criminal justice - analyze he work done by police, courts, corrections |
| deviant behaviour | behaviour that departs from social norms but isn't always a crime |
| decriminalization | reducing a penalty for a criminal act but not actually legalizing it. |
| utilitarianism | punishment should be balanced and fair because criminal behaviour must be seen as a purposeful and reasonable |
| classical criminology theoretical perspective Cesare Beccaria | people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviours, commit out of greed/ personal need, controlled through fear |
| positivism August Comte | branch of social science using scientific method of natural science -human behaviour is a product of socio, bio, psycho, economic forces |
| Positivism 2 elements | 1. behaviour is a function of external forces, Genetic, physical structure, bio 2. IQ tests, intelligence |
| phrenology Franz Joseph Gall Johann kaspar spurzheim | study of facial features of criminals to determine antisocial behaviour |
| criminal anthropology Cesare Lombroso biological positivists | early efforts to discover a biological basis of crime by physical measurement and mental process |
| atavistic anomalies (traits) Cesare Lombroso | physical characteristics of born criminals indicate they are throwbacks to animal/primitive ppl |
| Sociological Criminology 2 important ppl | L.A.J. Quetelet Emile Durkheim |
| Quetelet used? | mathematics to study crime and people to find correlations |
| Emile Durkheim visions of crime | crime is normal since it happens at every age and class of people -everyone has there one beliefs and independently choose right/wrong |
| a rise in crime = the need for | social change |
| Anomie Durkheim | rapidly shifting moral values gives few socially accepted guidelines to individuals - normlessness |
| Chicago school Park, Burgess, Thrasher | -type of sociological research -pioneered research on social ecology of city/urban crime |
| conflict criminology Marx | industrial capitalism, owners of the means of production |
| bourgeois proletariat | -owners of means of production, ruling capitalist -working class, sell labour |
| choice theorists | criminals are rational, make the choice to become a criminal -uses deterrence theory |
| criminal anthropology | biological and mental traits interact with environmental factors influence behaviour |
| Sociological theorists | structural perspective -criminal behavior controls the life and individual. |
| social psychology | experiences and socialization directly control behaviour |
| conflict criminologist | Marx social and political conflict as root of crime |
| criminology enterprise | totality of criminology which includes many fields/subareas of study |
| Subareas of Criminology | Criminal Statistics, Sociology of law, Theory of construction, criminal behaviours systems, penology, victimology |
| criminal statistics | subarea that measures the trends of criminal activity |
| Sociology of law | role that social forces play in shaping criminal law & society, updating Criminal Law |
| Theory Construction | Why do people commit crimes or become criminals, personality, genetics, social, economic, poverty, group interaction |
| Criminal Behaviour Systems | criminal types, patterns, tie b/w homicide and victim/offender rela. |
| white-collar crime | Illegal acts that capitalize on person's status in marketplace: embezzlement, market manipulation, restrain of trade, false ads |
| Penology | correction and control of criminal offenders, new crime control strategies, rehabilitation and treatment |
| Victimology Hans von Hentig Stephen Schafer | critical role of Victim creates opportunity & precipitate a crime |
| criminal law relfects the _______,_______,&______ of society | values, beliefs, and opinions |
| consensus crime functionalist | general agreement exists among a majority of ppl on outlawed behaviours/crimes. homocide |
| conflict view of crime | confliction of groups caused by differences in power, economy, political controlled by greed |
| Interactionist View of crime - 3 ideas | 1. people act on their interpretations of reality 2. learn through influence+reaction of ppl 3. reevaluate/interpret meanings of their own behaviour depending on symbols from others |
| Interactionist P. is based on two things | preferences and opinions of people |
| moral entrepreneurs | interest groups/powerful individuals who attempt to control social life/ legal order to promote own moral values |
| 1)before 1960 2)1960s 3)1970s | 1)consensus view 2)internationalist 3)conflict |
| crime | a violation of societal rules of behaviour through criminal legal code by ppl holding power. If violated ppl are subjected to sanctions, social stigma, loss of status |
| Survey Research | cross-sectional research, samples, self-report surveys -designed to measure attitudes and behaviour participants |
| cross-sectional research | Surveys that use data from all age, race, gender, and income segments of population |
| Longitudinal research | observations over time of a group of ppl who share a characteristic |
| cohort | a sample of subjects whose behaviour is followed over a period |
| retrospective longitudinal survey | court records are used to examine correlation of age, personal characteristics, sentence length, rehabilitation efforts |
| Aggregate data research | Statistics Canada, Correctional Services Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Uniform Crime Reporting |
| Aggregated Data | effect of overall social trends and patterns on crime rate ex. correlation of crime with poverty |
| Experimental Research | 1. random assignment of subjects 2. control/comparison group 3. experimental conditions |
| observational and interview research | interviewing a few subjects in depth or observing them while they go about their day/activities |
| Ethical issues in Research | 1. Government research funding being biased 2. Subjects of inquiry - mislead the research |
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